A tentative model of technology improvement in ferro- alloys manufacturing process & the business way forward

Содержание

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Chrome/ Manganese/Iron/Quartz Ore Producers Ferro Alloy Producers Steel Producers Fe Cr

Chrome/ Manganese/Iron/Quartz

Ore Producers

Ferro Alloy
Producers

Steel
Producers

Fe Cr Fe Mn Si Mn/FeSi/FeSiCr

Stainless/Carbon Steel

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Issues with Indian Ferro‐alloys Industry

Issues with Indian Ferro‐alloys Industry

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VARIOUS CHALLENGES FACED BY THE INDIAN FERRO ALLOY INDUSTRY Power Captive

VARIOUS CHALLENGES FACED BY THE INDIAN FERRO ALLOY INDUSTRY

Power
Captive
Vs. Grid

Raw
Material
Ore Source

Non
Profitable
markets

Production
Issues

Waste

utilization

Labour
And
Logistics

Ferro
Alloy
Producers

40% - Cost

40% - Cost

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MASTER PLAN FOR SURVIVAL DEPLETION OF HIGH-GRADE ORE Low grade beneficiation Agglomeration Sintering

MASTER PLAN FOR SURVIVAL

DEPLETION OF HIGH-GRADE ORE
Low grade beneficiation Agglomeration Sintering


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Agglomeration & Productivity Improvement for Manganese alloy Investment in beneficiation &

Agglomeration & Productivity Improvement for Manganese alloy

Investment in beneficiation & use of

agglomerated feed
• Agglomerates offers better reducibility
• Lowers the specific power consumption
• Helps to attain smooth furnace operation
Productivity improvement by having large size of Furnaces
• Smaller furnaces have low per capita output
• Single furnace having high transformer capacity desirable
than operating several small furnaces
• Raw materials preparation and handling systems must also be modernized
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Waste Heat Utilization & Raw material Handling Minimizing heat loss and

Waste Heat Utilization & Raw material Handling

Minimizing heat loss and use

waste gases for power generation
• Closed furnace should be adopted than open furnaces
• Will lead to reduce heat loss from the furnace and enable
recovery of latent heat in exhaust gases
Proper handling of raw material
• Saving raw materials from adding moisture
• Low moisture level in raw materials reduces specific power consumption and specific consumption of reductants
• Gives steady slag and metal composition
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MARCHING FOR CONSERVATION OF MINERAL

MARCHING FOR CONSERVATION OF MINERAL

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MARCHING FOR NEW INNOVATION Waste management of Manganese ore MnSO4 for agriculture

MARCHING FOR NEW INNOVATION

Waste management of Manganese ore <25% Mn &

Innovative commercial technologies for production of products useful for Agriculture
MnSO4 for agriculture
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EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS FOR MANGANESE ORE SINTERING • Low yield with 100%

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS FOR MANGANESE ORE SINTERING

• Low yield with 100% belt

spillage material for sintering.
• Good sinter formation with coke fines rather than coal fines.
• High yield is obtained by sintering 100% of high
grade manganese ore fines.
Poor quality of sinter is observed with high
siliceous material in the charge blend.
• Environmental aspects are very big challenges in sintering operation
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Experiment Conclusion Raw material belt spillages can be sintered in combination

Experiment Conclusion

Raw material belt spillages can be sintered in
combination with high

grade Mn ore fines only.(Ratio of 20 : 80).
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IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

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IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

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IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

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IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

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IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

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IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

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IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

IMAGES OF SINTERING PROCESS

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Agglomeration of Beneficiated Manganese Ore Fines SINTERING Micro‐Granulation is a required

Agglomeration of Beneficiated Manganese Ore Fines

SINTERING
Micro‐Granulation is a required to

sinter the beneficiated Mn Ore fines.
An acceptable grade sinter (TI : ~70, AI :~10%) can be produced using 10% coke and Mn ore fines.
Return fines usually generated between 11‐13%.
Feasibility studies has been done for a sinter plant and few sinter plants are also in operation in India and abroad.
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BRIQUETING • Mn ore briquettes were produced and trial conducted in

BRIQUETING
• Mn ore briquettes were produced and trial conducted in different

Ferro Alloys Plant.
• 10‐15 % briquette usually charged in burden (40 kg out of ore burden of 640 kg ).
• No operational problem was faced but increased amount of briquettes can be harmful for closed furnace.
• Many Small scale players are briquetting the fines and using in SiMn product
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Mn‐ORE BENEFICIATION‐ NEW TECHNOLOGIES Physical Beneficiation a) Automatic Ore Sorter b)

Mn‐ORE BENEFICIATION‐ NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Physical Beneficiation
a) Automatic Ore Sorter
b) Electrostatic Separation
c) Magnetic

Flocculation (a)

(b)

(c)

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Mn‐ORE BENEFICIATION‐ NEW TECHNOLOGIES Pyrometallurgical Route • Magnetic Separation • Reduction Roasting

Mn‐ORE BENEFICIATION‐ NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Pyrometallurgical Route
• Magnetic Separation
• Reduction Roasting

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Mn‐ORE BENEFICIATION‐ NEW TECHNOLOGIES Hydrometallurgical Methods Leaching : Reducing agents natural

Mn‐ORE BENEFICIATION‐ NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Hydrometallurgical Methods
Leaching :
Reducing agents natural gases,

oxalic acid, methanol, carbohydrate, coal, graphite, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen, cornstalk, etc., and then the product was leached with sulfuric acid, HNO3, HCl etc.
Floatation :
The chemicals of pertrolium, sodium sulphonate and oxidized paraffin soap are used to catch rhodochrosite in floatation dressing.
New Methods : Physicochemical Beneficiation
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PROCEDURES AT FERRO MANGANESE PLANT

PROCEDURES AT FERRO MANGANESE PLANT

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OUTOTEC PROCESS

OUTOTEC PROCESS

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ENERGY EFFICIENT PROCESS FOR PALLETISING AND SINTERING

ENERGY EFFICIENT PROCESS FOR PALLETISING AND SINTERING

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PREHEATING OF THE CHARGE

PREHEATING OF THE CHARGE

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SEALED SUBMERGED-ARC FURNACE

SEALED SUBMERGED-ARC FURNACE

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POWER CONSUMPTION IN SMELTING

POWER CONSUMPTION IN SMELTING

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PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS TOWARDS MINERAL CONSERVATION • Wide variation in the low

PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS TOWARDS MINERAL CONSERVATION
• Wide variation in the low grade

Chrome Ore Quality
- Buffer Management & Proper Blending
• Good Process Control to Minimise Losses
- Data Bank Generation on Process – Generation of Circuit data
- Distributed Control System (DCS),
- Floatex Density Separator
- TQM Approach – Shift wise Plant performance Monitoring ( Daily management )
- Optimization of Process Parameters – such as mill speed, ball size, ball load & pulp density of ball mill
• Recovery of Ultra Fine Chromite Particles
- Wash water Spirals, and Vacuum belt filter
• Tailings Disposal
-We adopted tailings de-watering technology using Press Filters
• Reprocessing / Reuse of Stockpiled Tailings
- We have developed Tailings Beneficiation process.
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IMPROVEMENT JOURNEY IN BENEFICIATION OF CHROME ORE FOR BETTER MINERAL CONSERVATION

IMPROVEMENT JOURNEY IN BENEFICIATION OF CHROME ORE FOR BETTER MINERAL CONSERVATION 

OBJECTIVES


Economic Use of Mineral
Conservation of Resources for Next Generation
Enviro-Friendly Process Technologies to utilise the resources.
Generate revenues for the stake holders
Statutory Guidelines – IBM, / State Govt
For sustainability of high grade chromite resources and to satisfy the continuous demand in the future needs, beneficiation of lean/sub-grade ores is imperative.
From the mineral conservation point of view, it is necessary to maximize the utilization of lean grade ore and minimize high grade ore consumption.
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BRIQUETTING OF CHROMITES ORE In developing a technology for briquetting of

BRIQUETTING OF CHROMITES ORE

In developing a technology for briquetting of chrome

ores, it is important not only to study the mineralogical and grain-size characteristics of the chrome ore fines but also to make an informed choice of the type and quantity of the binder and the conditions for producing a physically and chemically competent green and cured briquette.
The molasses-lime combination binding mechanism involves the adhesion of molasses due to stronger intermolecular forces in the sucrose structure that confers the initial green strength. The second stage which occurs during curing involves the dissolution of CaO and is characterized by chemical and polymeric metal complexation to form the calcium saccharate bond between lime and molasses (hot briquetting - with the “gluing” action caused by the binder).
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LAYOUT MODIFICATION OF BRIQUETTE PLANT Briquette plant should be set of

LAYOUT MODIFICATION OF BRIQUETTE PLANT

Briquette plant should be set of at

back site of furnace building, adjacent to pollution plant.
Briquette plant should be adjacent to chrome ore stock shed.
Briquette plant should be surrounded with thick green plantation as per the forest and environment department concern.
Briquette stacking length should be more (approx to sixty meters) with as possible as low drop height (approx- 1.5 mtrs)
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Briquette stacking design should be taken in such a concrete platform

Briquette stacking design should be taken in such a concrete platform

that each lot having conical base with pneumatic opening mechanism to down load upon conveyor which will to be installed in under ground ways.
Briquette feeding to day stock bin from briquette stacking yard should be through conveyor only keeping close watch that briquette bin level should be 60-70% always.
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CHUTE TUBE FILLING PATTERN Alternate chute tube should be filled with

CHUTE TUBE FILLING PATTERN

Alternate chute tube should be filled with charge

always which will give initiation for pre-heating
Centre chute should be kept full with charge material always.
Chute discharging point at furnace hearth should be minimum level of height from rim only
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DESIGN OF POLLUTION PLANT Furnace generated flue gas through chimney ducting

DESIGN OF POLLUTION PLANT

Furnace generated flue gas through chimney ducting to

pollution plant-bag filters-pollution stack should be connected to chrome ore shed with special design of ID-fan.
Temperature of filtered flue gas is around 100-120 degree centigrade which will help for pre heating of ores at initial stage- minimising FO consumption in dryer.
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FURNACE OPERATIONAL POINT OF VIEW Required charge level in furnace hearth.

FURNACE OPERATIONAL POINT OF VIEW

Required charge level in furnace hearth.
Required electrode

length as per the furnace design.
Good agglomeration of chrome fines to have sufficient strength in furnace charge burden. This minimises fines generation(taking 72 hrs cured briquette as a feed) Fines generated reverts to slag phase thereby reducing chromium recovery.
Proper stoichiometry calculation as well as choice of reductants to reduce Cr2O3 in ore, which prevents Cr2O3 losses in slag.
Proper selection of reductants having good reactivity(CRI & CSR> 50) and strength. This ensures proper reduction of Cr2O3 in ore
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Increased heat efficiency by suitable selection of current and voltage ranges

Increased heat efficiency by suitable selection of current and voltage ranges

with proper electrode tip positioning(0.7-0.75 x electrode diameter). This improves thermodynamics and kinetics of reduction.
Proper selection of slag composition. This reduces Cr2O3 losses to slag and entrapment of Ferrochrome alloy droplets in slag.
Proper mineralogy ,size and reducibility of chrome ore also affects for Cr2O3 losses into slag.
Since reduction of chrome ore in solid state is significant, fine ores(chipps) could be used in the furnace. The fine chrome ore is very readily reduced in solid state before it is melted, resulting in a low Cr2O3 content of the slag.
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Proper permeability of charge material should be there to effectively utilize

Proper permeability of charge material should be there to effectively utilize

CO gas for reduction. For this size range should be as close as possible because wide size range blocks void space in charge materials.
Too high silicon content in the alloy can reduce Cr2O3 dissolved in slag by silico-thermic reaction and in turn the Si content of metal decreases, but this reaction is only significant at high Si contents.
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If the Cr2O3 content in the ore is too high ,

If the Cr2O3 content in the ore is too high ,

some of the chromium oxide will not be totally reduced and could be observed in the tapped slag.
There is an optimum range for the reducibility of ore. The MgO/Al2O3 ratio is directly proportionate to the Cr2O3 in the slag. The optimum ore is with MgO/Al2O3 between 2.2 to 2.5(chrome ore from Iran). In this range Cr recovery is above 90% and the energy consumption is the lowest.
Suitable furnace hearth design parameters like KVA/square mtrs of hearth area(350-450), KVA/cubic mtrs ofhearth volume(100-250), KVA/ square mtrs of electrode pitch circle area(1500-2500) determines optimum smelting conditions thereby effecting chromium recovery .
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Feed consists of temporarily bound fines with higher specific surface are

Feed consists of temporarily bound fines with higher specific surface are

which in turn leads to improved reaction kinetics and thermodynamics leading to the improved energy utilisation efficiency and smelt ability.
Slag chemistry should be maintained in such pattern that always melting point of slag(1650-1750 degree centigrade) is > melting point of metal by minimum 150 degree centigrade
Metallurgical calculation should be based keeping metal volume more then the volume of slag
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Basicity of the slag should be maintained within the range 1.1-1.2

Basicity of the slag should be maintained within the range 1.1-1.2

to have the easy separation as well as easy flow of alloy and slag.
Silica in the slag should be maintained within the range 28-30(basic slag) to obtain the slag temperature above than metal, that is why when alloy become low-silicon due to certain reason, silica increased in slag(above 30) which lower the slag temperature and initiates for poor separation of metal and slag, as a result alloy become porous with slag contamination.
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Hot alloy tapping should be taken with short runner with 2-nos

Hot alloy tapping should be taken with short runner with 2-nos

CI- circular pan placing in series upon a well design track-trolley in different level and slag to be taken in slag pot connecting a adjustable runner.
Tapping planning should be done in such pattern that all total of alloy of a tapping should be accumulated in 1st pan.
Hot alloy carrying pan should not taken for realeasing before 5-hrs of tapping in order to avoid leakage.
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METAL HANDLING POINT OF VIEW At metal handling yard (adjacent to

METAL HANDLING POINT OF VIEW

At metal handling yard (adjacent to tapping

bay),slag layer above the metal face on pan should removed effectively, prevailing to contamination.
During sizing (10-40 mm) care should be taken upon repeated hammering. Taking lumps size (40-150 mm) order is better.
Slag contaminated metal should be processed again and again (screening as well as picking) as maximum as in the metal handling yard before sending to jigging plant.
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Double jigging should be taken in same series after getting the

Double jigging should be taken in same series after getting the

tailings from two floating baths(one for size rang of feed 8-20 mm and other 0-8 mm placed parallely. The double jigging machine placed on series should take the material(tailings) from previous two jig’s output get mixed ( via one intermediate crusher to have -6 mm size) in one feed conveyor, which may give you 2-3 % of metal output of total tailings get fed.
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REDUCTION REACTION INSIDE FURNACE HEARTH MnO2 Mn2O3 MnO (Low oxidation statae)

REDUCTION REACTION INSIDE FURNACE HEARTH

MnO2

Mn2O3

MnO (Low oxidation statae)

Mno + C

= Mn + CO

. SiO2 + C = SiO + CO
2. SiO + 2C = SiC + CO
3. 2SiO2 + SiC = 3SiO + CO
4. SiO + SiC = 2Si + CO
5. SiO2 + 2 C = Si + 2 CO
6. Fe2O3 + 3 C = 2 Fe + 3 CO
7. A1203 + 3 C = 2 Al + 3 CO
8. CaO + C = Ca + CO

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RATE OF SMELTING REACTION Solid- Gas reaction at (750-1000)degree centigrade Stability

RATE OF SMELTING REACTION

Solid- Gas reaction at (750-1000)degree centigrade
Stability

of material at hot bath
Having more porosity
Having more surface area
Reductant & Flux should be in close proximity( Composite Briquette- Flux + Reductant grounded to 175 micron size then taken with as usual 6-mm ore to make composite briquette in press with the application of binder)) – drop of specific power by 200-250 Kwh
Preheated as well as in same vicinity (palletising- all three components, ie- ore, flux & reductant are grounded to 175 micron then sintered palletising at steel belt) – drop of specific power by 450-500 Kwh.
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CONCLUSION Maximum portion of the income of Ferro-alloy manufacturers is taken

CONCLUSION

Maximum portion of the income of Ferro-alloy manufacturers is taken

away by electricity. Hence the aim of any metallurgist is to innovate and try to adopt processes which will help bring down the power consumption as power is precious (40% cost) in smelting reaction process or to use cheapest source of energy in pursuit of this –
1)SHOWA DENKO, 2) OUTOKUMPU which was later modified by X-strata processes were developed. Now one has to try for solid state reduction using natural gas along with Nitrogen & Hydrogen. This should be the latest innovation. As charge pre-heating origin from Japan , Outokumpu procedure origin from Finland and later on X-strata (complete premus process)origin from South-Africa keeping an unique ambition of Sp.power reduction/cost
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