The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology

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The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology

Содержание

2. Principal Features of Germanic Languages The First consonant shift (Grimm’s Law). Verner’s Law Periods in the
3. Principal Features of Germanic Languages English belongs to: The Indo-European family of languages; The Germanic branch.
4. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) Proto-Indo-European (PIE) - some single language, which must have been spoken thousands of years
5. Proto-Germanic (PG) Proto-Germanic (PG) - a dialect of Indo-European all Germanic languages are descended from; We
6. Proto-Germanic (PG) PG is a highly inflected language; the word stress was put on the 1st
7. 2. The First consonant shift. Grimm’s Law “the 1st sound-shifting”; after the early 19th c. philologist
8. 2. The First consonant shift. Grimm’s Law In PIE there was a rich array of stop
9. PIE aspirated voiced stops > Gmc voiced stops Bh > b Sans. bharami – ModE bear
10. PIE voiceless stops > Gmc voiceless fricatives P > f L. pater – ModE father T
11. PIE voiced stops > Gmc voiceless stops b > p L. turba – ModE thorp d
12. Verner’s Law. The Second Consonant Shift (1875) Certain apparent exceptions to Grimm’s Law were subsequently explained
13. Verner’s Law. Karl Verner showed that voiceless fricatives became voiced if the preceding syllable was unstressed,
14. Verner’s Law. PIE f > Gmc v PIE th > Gmc d Lat pater – Gth
15. 3. Periods in the History of English Traditionally, the history of the English language is divided
16. Periods in the History of English Old English (Anglo-Saxon) (5 c.-1066) = the period of full
17. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects The earliest inhabitants of the British Isles, were Celtic speakers. The
18. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects About the year 449 AD began the invasion of Britain by
20. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects By 700, the Anglo-Saxons had occupied most of England and a
21. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects In the 7th c. Germanic tribes set up seven kingdoms called
22. Kent Northumbria Mercia (West Midlands) Wessex (central Southern England) East Anglia Essex Sussex
23. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects The surviving texts form the OE period are in 4 main
25. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects Although West Saxon became the literary standard of unified England, it
26. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects The conversion of the English to Christianity began in 597 with
27. 5. OE Vocalism All living languages undergo changes. What causes such changes?
28. Alterations: Qualitative // quantitative; Dependent // independent
29. Anglo-Frisian Brightening (or First Fronting). The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a sound change in their development from
30. Restoration of a or Retraction Later in Old English, short /æ/ (and in some dialects long
31. Restoration of a or Retraction Nominative dæġ dagas Accusative dæġ dæġ Genitive dæġes daga Dative dæġe
32. OE Breaking or fracture it is diphthongization of short vowels before certain consonant clusters (before r,
33. OE Breaking or fracture Gth. kalds – WS ceald Breaking produced a new set of vowels
34. OE Breaking or fracture For further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History
35. Palatal diphthongization OE vowels also change under the influence of the initial palatal consonants ʒ [j],
36. Palatal diphthongization For further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English.
37. Front mutation or i-umlaut It was a series of changes to vowels which took place when
39. Front mutation or i-umlaut Front mutation made considerable changes in the pronunciation of English. Examples of
40. Front mutation or i-umlaut i-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels: [y] and [y:] arose
41. Front mutation or i-umlaut For further references see pg. 80-82 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History
42. Velar umlaut For further references see pg. 82 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English.
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Principal Features of Germanic Languages
The First consonant shift (Grimm’s Law).

Verner’s Law
Periods in the History of English
OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
OE Vocalism
OE Consonant System

Слайд 3

Principal Features of Germanic Languages
English belongs to:
The Indo-European family of

languages;
The Germanic branch.
West Germanic group

Слайд 4

Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) - some single language, which must have been

spoken thousands of years ago by some comparatively small body of people in a relatively restricted geographical area

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Proto-Germanic (PG)
Proto-Germanic (PG) - a dialect of Indo-European all Germanic languages

are descended from;
We have no records of the PG language.
We can reconstruct it (Gothic).

Слайд 6

Proto-Germanic (PG)
PG is a highly inflected language;
the word stress was put

on the 1st syllable (fixed accent);
PIE verb “bheronom” – PG beranan – OE beran – ME beren, bere – ME bear

Слайд 7

2. The First consonant shift. Grimm’s Law
“the 1st sound-shifting”;
after the early

19th c. philologist Jakob Grimm, who analysed it.

Слайд 8

2. The First consonant shift. Grimm’s Law
In PIE there was a rich

array of stop consonants;
This system underwent great changes in PG;
It consists of 3 major consonant changes.

Слайд 9

PIE aspirated voiced stops > Gmc voiced stops
Bh > b
Sans.

bharami – ModE bear
Dh > d
Sans. rudhiras – ModE red
Gh > g
Gr. chen – Ger Gans

Слайд 10

PIE voiceless stops > Gmc voiceless fricatives
P > f
L. pater

– ModE father
T > th
L. dentis – ModE tooth
K > h
L. cornu – ModE horn

Слайд 11

PIE voiced stops > Gmc voiceless stops
b > p
L. turba

– ModE thorp
d > t
L. dens – ModE tooth
g > k
L. ager – ModE acre

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Verner’s Law. The Second Consonant Shift (1875)
Certain apparent exceptions to Grimm’s Law

were subsequently explained by Karl Verner (a Danish scholar) and others.

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Verner’s Law.
Karl Verner showed that voiceless fricatives became voiced if the

preceding syllable was unstressed, but otherwise remained unchanged.
Latin centum - English hundred.

Слайд 14

Verner’s Law.
PIE f > Gmc v
PIE th > Gmc d
Lat pater

– Gth fadar
PIE k > Gmc g
PIE s > Gmc z > r in North and West Germanic) = rotacizm
Gth. raisjan – OE ræran

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3. Periods in the History of English
Traditionally, the history of the

English language is divided into 3 major periods.
This division was first proposed by an English philologist, Henry Sweet, in 1873.

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Periods in the History of English
Old English (Anglo-Saxon) (5 c.-1066) =

the period of full inflexions;
Middle English (1066 – 1485) = of levelled inflexions;
Modern English (1485 - ...) = of lost inflexions.

Слайд 17

4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
The earliest inhabitants of the British

Isles, were Celtic speakers.
The Celts had been living in England until being invaded by the Romans in 43 CE. and Latin never overtook the Celtic language.

Слайд 18

4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
About the year 449 AD began

the invasion of Britain by certain Germanic tribes, the founders of the English nation:
Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians

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4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
By 700, the Anglo-Saxons had occupied most

of England and a considerable part of southern Scotland (but for Cornwall and Wales).
The language of Anglo-Saxons became the dominant one.

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4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
In the 7th c. Germanic tribes set

up seven kingdoms called the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy, rule of the seven kingdoms .

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Kent
Northumbria
Mercia (West Midlands)
Wessex (central Southern England)
East Anglia
Essex
Sussex

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4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
The surviving texts form the OE period

are in 4 main dialects:
West saxon! (the literary standard)
Kentish
Mercia
Anglian
Northumbria

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4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
Although West Saxon became the literary standard

of unified England, it is not the direct ancestor of modern standard English, which is mainly derived from an Anglian dialect

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4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
The conversion of the English to Christianity

began in 597 with St Augustine, and took a century to complete;
With Christianity came writing.

Слайд 27

5. OE Vocalism
All living languages undergo changes.
What causes such changes?

Слайд 28

Alterations:
Qualitative // quantitative;
Dependent // independent

Слайд 29

Anglo-Frisian Brightening (or First Fronting).
The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a sound change

in their development from Proto-Germanic by which the vowel ā was fronted to ǣ, unless followed by a nasal consonant (n, m).
Cf. OE mann and OE dæġ

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Restoration of a or Retraction
Later in Old English, short /æ/ (and

in some dialects long /æː/ as well), was backed to /ɑ/ when there was a back vowel in the following syllable.

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Restoration of a or Retraction
Nominative dæġ dagas
Accusative dæġ dæġ
Genitive dæġes daga
Dative

dæġe dagum
For further references see pg. 76 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)

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$OE Breaking or fracture it is diphthongization of short vowels before$

OE Breaking or fracture
it is diphthongization of short vowels before certain

consonant clusters (before r, l, h + consonant and before h final).
It is vowels a and e that underwent fracture.

Слайд 33

$OE Breaking or fracture Gth. kalds – WS ceald Breaking produced$

OE Breaking or fracture
Gth. kalds – WS ceald
Breaking produced a new

set of vowels in OE = /ea/ and /eo/.

Слайд 34

$OE Breaking or fracture For further references see pg. 78-80 //$

OE Breaking or fracture
For further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva

T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.

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Palatal diphthongization
OE vowels also change under the influence of the initial

palatal consonants ʒ [j], c [k’] and cluster sc [sc’].
As a result of palatalization the vowel [e] and [æ] are diphthongized. E.g.:
OE scÆmu > OE sceamu ‘shame’

Слайд 36

Palatal diphthongization
For further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T. A.

A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)

Слайд 37

Front mutation or i-umlaut
It was a series of changes to vowels

which took place when there was an i, ī or j in the following syllable.
Subsequently, the i, ī or j disappeared, or changed to e.

Слайд 38

Слайд 39

Front mutation or i-umlaut
Front mutation made considerable changes in the pronunciation

of English.
Examples of i-umlaut in Mod English: food and feed, goose and geese, tooth and teeth, blood and bleed, man and men.

Слайд 40

Front mutation or i-umlaut
i-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels:
[y]

and [y:] arose from palatal mutation;
Diphthongs [ie] and [ie:]

Слайд 41

Front mutation or i-umlaut
For further references see pg. 80-82 // Rastorguyeva

T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)

Слайд 42

Velar umlaut
For further references see pg. 82 // Rastorguyeva T. A.

A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.

The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology

Содержание

Principal Features of Germanic Languages The First consonant shift (Grimm’s Law).

Principal Features of Germanic Languages English belongs to:The Indo-European family of

Proto-Indo-European (PIE)Proto-Indo-European (PIE) - some single language, which must have been

Proto-Germanic (PG) Proto-Germanic (PG) - a dialect of Indo-European all Germanic languages

Proto-Germanic (PG) PG is a highly inflected language;the word stress was put

2. The First consonant shift. Grimm’s Law“the 1st sound-shifting”; after the early

2. The First consonant shift. Grimm’s LawIn PIE there was a rich

PIE aspirated voiced stops > Gmc voiced stops Bh > b Sans.

PIE voiceless stops > Gmc voiceless fricatives P > f L. pater

PIE voiced stops > Gmc voiceless stopsb > p L. turba

Verner’s Law. The Second Consonant Shift (1875)Certain apparent exceptions to Grimm’s Law

Verner’s Law. Karl Verner showed that voiceless fricatives became voiced if the

Verner’s Law. PIE f > Gmc vPIE th > Gmc dLat pater

3. Periods in the History of EnglishTraditionally, the history of the

Periods in the History of EnglishOld English (Anglo-Saxon) (5 c.-1066) =

4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects The earliest inhabitants of the British

4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects About the year 449 AD began

4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialectsBy 700, the Anglo-Saxons had occupied most

4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialectsIn the 7th c. Germanic tribes set

KentNorthumbriaMercia (West Midlands)Wessex (central Southern England)East AngliaEssexSussex

4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialectsThe surviving texts form the OE period

4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialectsAlthough West Saxon became the literary standard

4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialectsThe conversion of the English to Christianity

5. OE VocalismAll living languages undergo changes. What causes such changes?

Alterations:Qualitative // quantitative;Dependent // independent

Anglo-Frisian Brightening (or First Fronting).The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a sound change

Restoration of a or RetractionLater in Old English, short /æ/ (and

Restoration of a or RetractionNominative dæġ dagasAccusative dæġ dæġGenitive dæġes dagaDative

OE Breaking or fractureit is diphthongization of short vowels before certain

OE Breaking or fractureGth. kalds – WS cealdBreaking produced a new

OE Breaking or fractureFor further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva

Palatal diphthongizationOE vowels also change under the influence of the initial

Palatal diphthongizationFor further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T. A.

Front mutation or i-umlautIt was a series of changes to vowels

Front mutation or i-umlautFront mutation made considerable changes in the pronunciation

Front mutation or i-umlauti-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels:[y]

Front mutation or i-umlautFor further references see pg. 80-82 // Rastorguyeva

Velar umlautFor further references see pg. 82 // Rastorguyeva T. A.

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