Applied molecular biology Book: Glick, Pasternak, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and application of recombinant DNA Biotechnology Molecular genetics

Сентябрь 1, 2022

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Applied molecular biology Book: Glick, Pasternak, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and application of recombinant DNA Biotechnology Molecular genetics

Содержание

2. What Is Biotechnology? Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of
3. Beer is an ancient foodstuff Ancient beer was not just drink, but food Thick drink with
4. Yeast cells Both beer and bread were developed around the same time in the middle east
5. Cheese & yogurt also came about due to microbial contamination
6. Classical Biotechnology Refinement of fermentation techniques during 18th and 19th C. During 20th C. fermentation expanded
7. Herbal plants have been used since ancient times Even today, 25% of our common medicines contain
8. Alkaloids: Over 5,000 alkaloids have been identified in numerous plant families, most in the angiosperms Contain
9. Common Medicinal Alkaloids & their Sources: Morphine Poppies Caffeine Coffee/Tea Nicotine Tabacco Emetine Ipecac Atropine Belladonna
10. During 19th C. quinine was critical to British colonial expansion Extracted from the bark of the
11. Bayer discovered way to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid Known under its trade name, Aspirin
12. Penicillin
13. Penicillium mold In 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed something odd about a petri dish contaminated with mold
14. In 1940 Norman Heatley finally showed that penicillin could stop infection Mice were infected with streptococcus
15. 1st human patient was a policeman with staphylococcal & streptococcal infections which had already taken part
16. By D-Day the U.S. was making millions of doses. Unfortunately, neither Heatley nor his boss patented
18. Genetics - historical perspective Practical genetics 7,000 yeas ago corn breeding - Central America rice breeding
19. A domesticated animal is one which has been bred in captivity Thru artifical selection they are
20. Wolf/Dog domestication lead to: Alteration in body size Reduction in skull & tooth size Shortening of
21. http://nemp.otago.ac.nz/read_speak/2004/read_comprehension/shrek.htm Modern sheep have been bred not to lose their wool
22. Most domesticated species arose in SW Asia or China Of the ~150 species of terrestrial non-carnivores
23. Desirable Characteristics for Domestication of an Animal Species Value to humans as food, draft, fiber, or
24. The switch from hunter-gatherer to farmer took place between 10 000 & 5 000 years ago
25. Example Wheat is a grass spread seeds called grains Mutants developed that did not lose seed
26. Hybridization played a role in the evolution of modern grains
27. Changes in corn size from 5000 BCE to 1500CE The evolution of modern corn took several
28. Mutation responsible for this change has been identified It is not a change in a gene
43. Later Concepts 1900 - Not until 34 years after its publication did Mendel’s work receive additional
44. First Structure By 1910 actual components known (nucleotides) Phoebus Levene proposed a tetranucleotide structure for DNA
45. So… If DNA was a single covalently bonded tetranucleotide structure then it couldn’t easily encode information
46. T. H. Morgan’s Fruit Flies 1907-1930s
48. Frederick Griffith, 1928 Transformation of Bacteria Transforming factor ?
49. Avery, McCarty and MacLeod After 10 yrs of effort published work using Griffith’s approach to assay
50. Erwin Chargaff 1949-1953 Digested many DNAs and subjected products to chromatographic separation Results A = T,
52. X-ray Crystallography of DNA Franklin and Wilkins
53. Watson and Crick 1953 propose double helix model Right-handed double helix Collaborated at Cambridge, England.
54. Impact Article in Nature “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have
55. DNA Replication
57. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

What Is Biotechnology?
Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products

or new forms of organisms
Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses

Слайд 3

Beer is an ancient foodstuff
Ancient beer was not just drink, but

food
Thick drink with high caloric value as well as alcohol

Слайд 4

Yeast cells
Both beer and bread were developed around the same time

in the middle east
Early bread was flat, but when wild yeast contaminated the dough, a fluffier, sweeter bread was created
Beer arose out of the liquid soaked bread

Слайд 5

Cheese & yogurt also came about due to microbial contamination

Слайд 6

Classical Biotechnology
Refinement of fermentation techniques during 18th and 19th C.
During 20th

C. fermentation expanded to the production of:
Glycerol
Acetone
Butanol
Lactic acid
Citric acid

Слайд 7

Herbal plants have been used since ancient times
Even today, 25% of

our common medicines contain at least some compounds obtained from plants
Why do plants create these compounds?
Protection from herbivory and predation
Allelopathy - plants secrete toxins from their roots that prevent the germination of other plants in their root zone

Biopharmaceuticals

Слайд 8

Alkaloids: Over 5,000 alkaloids have been identified in numerous plant families,

most in the angiosperms
Contain nitrogen
Alkaline
Bitter
Physiological effect on animals, often on nervous system
Names of most alkaloids end in "...ine"

http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci124/lec29.html
http://www.uky.edu/~dhild/biochem/26/quinoline.gif

Слайд 9

Common Medicinal Alkaloids & their Sources:
Morphine Poppies
Caffeine Coffee/Tea
Nicotine Tabacco
Emetine Ipecac
Atropine Belladonna
Quinine Cinchona Tree

Слайд 10

During 19th C. quinine was critical to British colonial expansion
Extracted

from the bark of the cinchona plant
Not enough could be extracted, another source was needed

http://www2.unil.ch/lpc/images/docu04/0_doc/quinine.gif

Слайд 11

Bayer discovered way to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid
Known under its trade name,

Aspirin

Слайд 12

Penicillin

Слайд 13

Penicillium mold
In 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed something odd about a petri

dish contaminated with mold
The mold seemed to kill the bacteria
Fleming was unable to isolate the bactericidal action

Слайд 14

In 1940 Norman Heatley finally showed that penicillin could stop

infection
Mice were infected with streptococcus bacteria
Half were given penicillin.
Those receiving penicillin survived, those that didn’t died.

No penicillin penicillin

24 hrs. later

No penicillin penicillin

Слайд 15

1st human patient was a policeman with staphylococcal & streptococcal

infections which had already taken part of his face and an eye
He began to recover, but later died
2nd patient was a 15 yr. old boy septic from a hip operation
Two days after receiving penicillin his temperature dropped back to normal after being at 100° for 2 wks

Слайд 16

By D-Day the U.S. was making millions of doses.
Unfortunately,

neither Heatley nor his boss patented the discovery. This was done by U.S. firms.
Thus for 25 yrs. England had to pay royalties on its own discovery.

Слайд 17

Слайд 18

Genetics - historical perspective
Practical genetics 7,000 yeas ago
corn breeding -

Central America
rice breeding - China
horse pedigree - Babylon

Genetics - science - Mendel

Слайд 19

A domesticated animal is one which has been bred in captivity
Thru

artifical selection they are modified from their ancestors for use by humans

Before After

http://www.doganswers.com/method.htm
http://www.billybear4kids.com/animal/whose-toes/toes-61a-wolf.html

Слайд 20

Wolf/Dog domestication lead to:
Alteration in body size
Reduction in skull & tooth

size
Shortening of the jaw bones
Affection for humans
Variation in coat color
Tendency towards barking

By 6000BC dog skeletons are found along side human remains

Слайд 21

http://nemp.otago.ac.nz/read_speak/2004/read_comprehension/shrek.htm
Modern sheep have been bred not to lose their wool

Слайд 22

Most domesticated species arose in SW Asia or China
Of the ~150

species of terrestrial non-carnivores >100 lbs, only 14 have been domesticated
13 are of Eurasian origin, one from mesoamerica
None derive from Australia or sub-Saharan Africa

Слайд 23

Desirable Characteristics for Domestication of an Animal Species
Value to humans

as food, draft, fiber, or hunting
Large herbivores offer energy use advantages
Rapidly reach their desired size
Must be able to breed in captivity
Good disposition & social structure

Слайд 24

The switch from hunter-gatherer to farmer took place between 10 000

& 5 000 years ago
Both Eurasia & the Americas developed large numbers of domesticated crops
The development of agriculture required changes in wild plants such that they were amendable to cultivation
Many of these changes were either brought about by humans or were capitalized by them

Plant Domestication

Слайд 25

Example
Wheat is a grass spread seeds called grains
Mutants developed that did

not lose seed
This made it easier for humans to collect

Слайд 26

Hybridization played a role in the evolution of modern grains

Слайд 27

Changes in corn size from 5000 BCE to 1500CE
The evolution of

modern corn took several thousand years
Selection for larger ears by mesoamericans created modern corn by the time Europeans had reached the Americas

Слайд 28

Mutation responsible for this change has been identified
It is not a

change in a gene itself, rather it is a decrease in the expression of the gene tb1

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Слайд 43

Later Concepts
1900 - Not until 34 years after its publication did

Mendel’s work receive additional attention, with publications in 1900 by three Botanists: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tsernak;
1902 - Walter Sutton first integrated the concepts of chromosomes with Mendel’s laws, in studies of grasshopper reproduction and cell division and concluded that Mendel’s heritable factors must be on the chromosomes.
1907 – T.H. Morgan began his work with fruit flies, ultimately mapping gene locations.

Слайд 44

First Structure
By 1910 actual components known (nucleotides)
Phoebus Levene proposed a tetranucleotide

structure for DNA

Tetranucleotide repeat of ATCG
Own data showed nucleotides not in 1:1:1:1 ratio
Differences “probably experimental error…”

Слайд 45

So…
If DNA was a single covalently bonded tetranucleotide structure then it

couldn’t easily encode information
Proteins, on the other hand, had 20 different amino acids and could have lots of variation
Most geneticists focused on “transmission genetics” and passively accepted proteins as being the likely genetic material

Слайд 46

T. H. Morgan’s Fruit Flies 1907-1930s

Слайд 47

Слайд 48

Frederick Griffith, 1928 Transformation of Bacteria
Transforming factor ?

Слайд 49

Avery, McCarty and MacLeod
After 10 yrs of effort published work using

Griffith’s approach to assay for the genetic material
Used
Cell-free extract of S cells
From 75 liters of cell culture obtained 10-25 mg of “active factor
Proteases, RNases, DNases, etc.
Transforming factor is DNA

Слайд 50

Erwin Chargaff
1949-1953
Digested many DNAs and subjected products to chromatographic separation
Results
A =

T, C = G
A + G = C + T (purine = pyrimidine)
A + T does not equal C + G
Members of a species similar but different species vary in AT/CG ratio

Слайд 51

Слайд 52

X-ray Crystallography of DNA
Franklin and Wilkins

Слайд 53

Watson and Crick
1953 propose double helix model
Right-handed double helix
Collaborated at Cambridge,

England.

Слайд 54

Impact
Article in Nature
“It has not escaped our notice that the specific

pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copy mechanism for the genetic material”
Second paper 2 months later describes semiconservative replication and that mutations must change bases in DNA (information encoded in the bases and their order)
DNA became the genetic material…

Слайд 55

Applied molecular biology Book: Glick, Pasternak, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and application of recombinant DNA Biotechnology Molecular genetics

Содержание

What Is Biotechnology?Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products

Beer is an ancient foodstuffAncient beer was not just drink, but

Yeast cellsBoth beer and bread were developed around the same time

Cheese & yogurt also came about due to microbial contamination

Classical BiotechnologyRefinement of fermentation techniques during 18th and 19th C.During 20th

Herbal plants have been used since ancient timesEven today, 25% of

Alkaloids: Over 5,000 alkaloids have been identified in numerous plant families,

Common Medicinal Alkaloids & their Sources: Morphine Poppies Caffeine Coffee/Tea Nicotine Tabacco Emetine Ipecac Atropine Belladonna Quinine Cinchona Tree

During 19th C. quinine was critical to British colonial expansion Extracted

Bayer discovered way to synthesize acetylsalicylic acidKnown under its trade name,

Penicillin

Penicillium moldIn 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed something odd about a petri

In 1940 Norman Heatley finally showed that penicillin could stop

1st human patient was a policeman with staphylococcal & streptococcal

By D-Day the U.S. was making millions of doses. Unfortunately,

Genetics - historical perspectivePractical genetics 7,000 yeas ago corn breeding -

A domesticated animal is one which has been bred in captivityThru

Wolf/Dog domestication lead to: Alteration in body size Reduction in skull & tooth

http://nemp.otago.ac.nz/read_speak/2004/read_comprehension/shrek.htmModern sheep have been bred not to lose their wool

Most domesticated species arose in SW Asia or China Of the ~150

Desirable Characteristics for Domestication of an Animal Species Value to humans

The switch from hunter-gatherer to farmer took place between 10 000

ExampleWheat is a grass spread seeds called grainsMutants developed that did

Hybridization played a role in the evolution of modern grains

Changes in corn size from 5000 BCE to 1500CEThe evolution of

Mutation responsible for this change has been identifiedIt is not a

Later Concepts1900 - Not until 34 years after its publication did

First StructureBy 1910 actual components known (nucleotides)Phoebus Levene proposed a tetranucleotide

So…If DNA was a single covalently bonded tetranucleotide structure then it