Managing tourism impacts – context and environment perspectives

Июль 30, 2022

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Managing tourism impacts – context and environment perspectives

Содержание

2. PERSPECTIVES OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT Environment Destination Sector Firm Rationale
3. Road map 1: Introduction to Module Tourism and stakeholders 2: Managing tourism impacts 4: Business environment
4. Identify the principal types of tourism impact Our focus today is on environmental and socio-cultural impacts
5. Types of Tourism Impact
6. Tourism Impacts Tourism may have POSITIVE and NEGATIVE impacts Impacts may be classified as environmental (or
7. Determinants of Tourism Impact Type of tourism (e.g. business, holiday) Psychographic type of tourist (e.g. psychocentric
8. Types of Tourism Leisure.......................................................................................Work Leisure Tourism Holidays Short breaks Common Interest Tourism Educational Religious VFR Health
9. Environmental Impacts
10. “Take nothing but photographs, leave nothing but footprints, kill nothing but time.” Tourist motto (Anon)
11. Environment at risk Biodiversity Individual species of flora and fauna Climate change Water quality Air quality
12. Negative impacts Destruction of natural environment through building infrastructure and superstructure Loss of habitat for flora
13. Threat to flora and fauna Some species indigenous to South Africa
14. Noise and air pollution Aircraft cause noise pollution and constitute the bulk of tourism-related emissions Road
15. Which destination to minimise your environmental impact? Benidorm, Spain Belize, Central America
16. User-groups and varying environmental impacts Number of tourists important Resilience of species to interference varies Governments
17. Planning controls Famagusta, Cyprus: beach in shade in the afternoon because of high rise hotels Lanzarote,
18. Crowding animals in Kenya
19. Positive impacts Conservation of flora and fauna encouraged (benefits tourist experience) Preservation of attractive landscapes (including
20. Maintaining the environment Controlling tourism numbers is a key way to manage environmental impacts Carrying capacity
21. Carrying capacity “Carrying capacity is the maximum number of people who can use a site without
22. Zoning – the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia World’s largest coral reef (2000 km long)
23. The Great Barrier reef
24. Socio-Cultural Impacts
25. Society and culture Society concerns the interaction, behaviour and attitudes of people in groups (Ritchie and
26. Positive socio-cultural impacts Employment is socially beneficial; tourism jobs often pay more than agricultural ones Revitalisation
27. Negative socio-cultural impacts Tourism may cause overcrowding Rural depopulation and negative impact on agriculture Over-dependence on
28. Staged authenticity MacCannell (1989) argued that tourists looking for authenticity, and a sense of wholeness absent
29. Staged authenticity? Staged traditional wedding, Hongkeng, China Peruvian villagers posing with tourists
30. Airport art Also known these days as ‘tourist tat’ Inauthentic souvenirs, mass produced for tourists Often
31. Airport art
32. The demonstration effect A negative socio-cultural impact Happens when tourists are demonstrably richer than the host
33. Acculturation The demonstration effect is most likely when contact between tourists and hosts is superficial and
34. Cultural imperialism?
35. Doxey’s Irridex Doxey proposed an irritation index (Irridex) to reflect changing attitudes of host populations towards
36. References Beech, J & Chadwick, S (2006) The Business of Tourism Management, Harlow: Prentice Hall, Chapters
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PERSPECTIVES OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Environment
Destination
Sector
Firm
Rationale

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Road map
1: Introduction to Module
Tourism and stakeholders
2: Managing tourism impacts

4: Business environment and strategic management in tourism

5: Managing tourism marketing

10: Management case study: Brighton fieldtrip

7: Managing competiton in air transport

8:Managing tourism destinations

3: Managing human resource in tourism

9: Assignment consultation

11:Managing tourism futures: niche forms –The future

6: Management of tour operators/hotels

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Identify the principal types of tourism impact
Our focus today is on

environmental and socio-cultural impacts of tourism; we shall not discuss economic impacts in any depth
Briefly focus on some determinants of the scale of tourism’s impact
Understand the main environmental impacts of tourism
Understand the socio-cultural impacts of tourism
Illustrate theory on impacts in the seminar through a case study on trekking impacts in Nepal’s Annapurna Conservation Area

Today’s Learning objectives

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Types of Tourism Impact

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Tourism Impacts
Tourism may have POSITIVE and NEGATIVE impacts
Impacts may be classified

as environmental (or physical), socio-cultural or economic
Impacts should be managed to ensure that positive impacts are maximised and negative ones minimised
Commercial operators in search of profits often tend to overlook the negative consequences of their business activities
Most impacts are felt at tourist destinations, however some can be more dispersed (e.g. climate change impacts)

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Determinants of Tourism Impact
Type of tourism (e.g. business, holiday)
Psychographic type of

tourist (e.g. psychocentric [more conservative], allocentric [more adventurous])
Numbers of tourists and ability of destination’s infrastructure, superstructure, transport services etc. to handle numbers
Fragility of destination’s physical environment
Proportion of tourist spend retained in destination’s economy
Diversity of destination’s economic activities
Social and cultural difference between tourists and host population

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Types of Tourism
Leisure.......................................................................................Work
Leisure Tourism
Holidays
Short breaks
Common Interest Tourism
Educational
Religious
VFR
Health
Sports
Business Tourism
Meetings
General business
Conferences
Trade fairs
Incentive tourism

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Environmental Impacts

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“Take nothing but photographs, leave nothing but footprints, kill nothing but

time.”
Tourist motto (Anon)

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Environment at risk
Biodiversity
Individual species of flora and fauna
Climate change
Water quality
Air quality
Erosion
Loss

of agricultural production
Visual amenity

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Negative impacts
Destruction of natural environment through building infrastructure and superstructure
Loss of

habitat for flora and fauna leading to reduced biodiversity
Aesthetic pollution/loss of visual amenity – production of identikit destinations and loss of local building types
Noise pollution – transport, construction, clubs
Air pollution – from road and air traffic
Sea water pollution – especially from untreated sewage – health risks and eutrophication (depleted oxygen causes die-off)
Over-exploitation of fresh water resources (e.g. golf tourism) and pollution of fresh water (e.g. with fertilizers)

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Threat to flora and fauna
Some species indigenous to South Africa

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Noise and air pollution
Aircraft cause noise pollution and constitute the bulk

of tourism-related emissions

Road transport is no small emitter either!

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Which destination to minimise your environmental impact?
Benidorm, Spain
Belize, Central America

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User-groups and varying environmental impacts
Number of tourists important
Resilience of species to

interference varies
Governments may impose laws or regulations to control negative impacts on ecosystems
Planning controls vary
Locals may ignore environmental rules for economic gain – e.g. crowding animals in game parks, breaking off coral to sell
Overseas investors may be permitted to exploit resources inappropriately

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Planning controls
Famagusta, Cyprus: beach in shade in the afternoon because of

high rise hotels
Lanzarote, Canary Islands: strict planning control, all low-rise

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Crowding animals in Kenya

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Positive impacts
Conservation of flora and fauna encouraged (benefits tourist experience)
Preservation

of attractive landscapes (including mountains and beaches) is in the interests of the tourism industry
Tourist spend can finance water treatment projects
Urban regeneration encouraged by tourism (e.g. urban waterfront developments in derelict docks)
Ensuring continuing popularity of developed resorts takes pressure off areas less able to cope

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Maintaining the environment
Controlling tourism numbers is a key way to manage

environmental impacts
Carrying capacity analysis important to allow this to be done
Assessment of the point at which damage to the environment occurs, and of the extent to which such damage is acceptable, is highly subjective
Official designation of National Parks and other protected zones is important
The imposition of strict planning controls is helpful
Zoning within destinations is also useful

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Carrying capacity
“Carrying capacity is the maximum number of people who can

use a site without an unacceptable alteration in the physical environment and without an unacceptable decline in the quality of the experience gained by the visitors.” Mathieson and Wall (1982: 21)
Different (though interdependent) carrying capacities may be identified – physical, economic, psychological and social

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Zoning – the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia
World’s largest coral

reef (2000 km long)
Used by fishermen, divers, snorkellers etc.
Suffers direct physical damage, also problems from marine fauna collection and discharge of pollutants
Now divided into four types of zone:
Preservation
Scientific research
Marine National Park
(scientific, educational
and recreational)
General use (some
fishing allowed)

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The Great Barrier reef

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Socio-Cultural Impacts

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Society and culture
Society concerns the interaction, behaviour and attitudes of people

in groups (Ritchie and Zins, 1978)
Culture consists of behavioural patterns, knowledge and values that have been acquired and transmitted through generations (Burns and Holden, 1995)
Many aspects of culture are attractive to tourists, including handicrafts, language, traditions, gastronomy, art, music, history, work, architecture, religion, educational systems, dress, leisure (Ritchie and Zins, 1978)

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Positive socio-cultural impacts
Employment is socially beneficial; tourism jobs often pay more

than agricultural ones
Revitalisation of poor or non-industrialised regions
Rebirth of local arts, crafts and traditional cultural activities
Revival of social and cultural life of population
Renewal of local architectural traditions
Promotion of the need to conserve areas of outstanding beauty with aesthetic and cultural value

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Negative socio-cultural impacts
Tourism may cause overcrowding
Rural depopulation and negative impact on

agriculture
Over-dependence on tourism
Threat to local values and morals
‘Staged authenticity’ and ‘airport art’ devalue local culture
The demonstration effect
Acculturation

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Staged authenticity
MacCannell (1989) argued that tourists looking for authenticity, and a

sense of wholeness absent from their normal lives (a ‘Western’ perspective…)
To satisfy the search for the authentic, cultural events and practices are often staged for the tourists’ benefit
This staged, or spurious, authenticity can have a negative effect on local cultural traditions

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Staged authenticity?
Staged traditional wedding, Hongkeng, China
Peruvian villagers posing with tourists

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Airport art
Also known these days as ‘tourist tat’
Inauthentic souvenirs, mass produced

for tourists
Often made in a completely different country – e.g. wooden animals (elephants, rhinos etc.) sold in South Africa are made in Kenya
Traders want something to sell, and tourists have a strong urge to buy souvenirs, but inauthentic, low-quality products devalue ‘genuine’ culture

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Airport art

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The demonstration effect
A negative socio-cultural impact
Happens when tourists are demonstrably richer

than the host population
Tourists may wear expensive designer clothes and jewellery
They often carry cameras, camcorders, smartphones and other expensive items
This causes envy in local population and can lead to an increase in crime
Young people are particularly susceptible – their wish to emulate the tourists’ lifestyle can cause inter-generational rifts in their community

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Acculturation
The demonstration effect is most likely when contact between tourists and

hosts is superficial and transitory
Acculturation occurs when there is longer-term contact
Two cultures will converge, but in reality ‘weaker’ cultures will tend to be eclipsed by more dominant ones (cultural imperialism)
Cultural imperialism may cause visited peoples to become more like Westerners (e.g. Americanisation) (clothes, food, drink, music etc.)

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Cultural imperialism?

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Doxey’s Irridex
Doxey proposed an irritation index (Irridex) to reflect changing attitudes

of host populations towards tourists, over time

Euphoria

Apathy

Annoyance

Antagonism

Visitors welcome;
little planning

Visitors taken for granted; contact becomes more formal

Saturation point approached; locals have misgivings. Planners attempt control by building infrastructure, not limiting growth

Open expression of irritation; remedial planning but promotion increased to offset deteriorating reputation of resort

Source: Burns and Holden (1995), altered

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References
Beech, J & Chadwick, S (2006) The Business of Tourism Management,

Harlow: Prentice Hall, Chapters 16-17
Burns, P and Holden, A (1995) Tourism: a New Perspective, Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall
Holloway, J C (1994) The Business of Tourism, 4th ed., London: Pitman, p.58
Mathieson, A and Wall, G (1982) Tourism: economic, physical and social impacts, Harlow: Longman

Managing tourism impacts – context and environment perspectives

Содержание

PERSPECTIVES OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT EnvironmentDestination SectorFirmRationale

Road map 1: Introduction to ModuleTourism and stakeholders2: Managing tourism impacts

Identify the principal types of tourism impactOur focus today is on

Types of Tourism Impact

Tourism ImpactsTourism may have POSITIVE and NEGATIVE impactsImpacts may be classified

Determinants of Tourism ImpactType of tourism (e.g. business, holiday)Psychographic type of

Types of TourismLeisure.......................................................................................WorkLeisure TourismHolidaysShort breaksCommon Interest TourismEducationalReligiousVFRHealthSportsBusiness TourismMeetingsGeneral businessConferencesTrade fairsIncentive tourism

Environmental Impacts

“Take nothing but photographs, leave nothing but footprints, kill nothing but

Environment at riskBiodiversityIndividual species of flora and faunaClimate changeWater qualityAir qualityErosionLoss

Negative impactsDestruction of natural environment through building infrastructure and superstructureLoss of

Threat to flora and faunaSome species indigenous to South Africa

Noise and air pollutionAircraft cause noise pollution and constitute the bulk

Which destination to minimise your environmental impact?Benidorm, SpainBelize, Central America

User-groups and varying environmental impactsNumber of tourists importantResilience of species to

Planning controlsFamagusta, Cyprus: beach in shade in the afternoon because of

Crowding animals in Kenya

Positive impacts Conservation of flora and fauna encouraged (benefits tourist experience)Preservation

Maintaining the environmentControlling tourism numbers is a key way to manage

Carrying capacity “Carrying capacity is the maximum number of people who can

Zoning – the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, AustraliaWorld’s largest coral