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- 2. Overview: Trading Places Every organism must exchange materials with its environment. Exchanges ultimately occur at the
- 3. For most cells making up multicellular organisms, direct exchange with the environment is not possible. Gills
- 4. How does a feathery fringe help this animal survive?
- 5. Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body In small and/or thin animals, cells
- 6. Gastrovascular Cavities Simple animals, such as cnidarians, have a body wall that is only two cells
- 7. Internal transport in gastrovascular cavities Circular canal Radial canal Mouth (a) The moon jelly Aurelia, a
- 8. Open and Closed Circulatory Systems More complex animals have either open or closed circulatory systems. Both
- 9. In insects, other arthropods, and most molluscs, blood bathes the organs directly in an open circulatory
- 10. In a closed circulatory system, the blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the
- 11. Open and closed circulatory systems Heart Hemolymph in sinuses surrounding organs Heart Interstitial fluid Small branch
- 12. Organization of Vertebrate Closed Circulatory Systems Humans and other vertebrates have a closed circulatory system, often
- 13. Arteries branch into arterioles and carry blood to capillaries. Networks of capillaries called capillary beds are
- 14. Vertebrate hearts contain two or more chambers. Blood enters through an atrium and is pumped out
- 15. Single Circulation Bony fishes, rays, and sharks have single circulation with a two-chambered heart. In single
- 16. Single circulation in fishes Artery Ventricle Atrium Heart Vein Systemic capillaries Systemic circulation Gill circulation Gill
- 17. Double Circulation Amphibian, reptiles, and mammals have double circulation. Oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately
- 18. Double circulation in vertebrates Amphibians Lung and skin capillaries Pulmocutaneous circuit Atrium (A) Ventricle (V) Atrium
- 19. In reptiles and mammals, oxygen-poor blood flows through the pulmonary circuit to pick up oxygen through
- 20. Adaptations of Double Circulatory Systems Amphibians: Frogs / amphibians have a three-chambered heart: 2 atria and
- 21. Reptiles (Except Birds) Turtles, snakes, and lizards have a three-chambered heart: two atria and one ventricle.
- 22. Mammals Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles. The left
- 23. Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals Blood begins its flow with the
- 24. Blood returns to the heart through the superior vena cava (deoxygenated blood from head, neck, and
- 25. mammalian cardiovascular system Superior vena cava Returns deoxygenated blood from body to heart RA Pulmonary artery
- 26. The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look A closer look at the mammalian heart provides a better
- 27. Mammalian Heart Pulmonary artery - to lungs Right Atrium RA Receives Deoxygented Blood from body Semilunar
- 28. The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle called the cardiac cycle. The contraction, or
- 29. Cardiac cycle Semilunar valves closed 0.4 sec AV valves open Atrial and ventricular diastole 1 2
- 30. The heart rate, also called the pulse, is the number of beats per minute. The stroke
- 31. Four valves prevent backflow of blood in the heart: The atrioventricular (AV) valves separate each atrium
- 32. Maintaining the Heart’s Rhythmic Beat Some cardiac muscle cells are self-excitable = they contract without any
- 33. Control of heart rhythm Signals spread throughout ventricles. 4 Purkinje Fibers: ventricles contract Pacemaker generates wave
- 34. Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels The physical
- 35. Structure of blood vessels Artery Vein SEM 100 µm Endothelium Artery Smooth muscle Connective tissue Capillary
- 36. Capillaries have thin walls, the endothelium plus its basement membrane, to facilitate the exchange of materials.
- 37. Blood Flow Velocity Physical laws governing movement of fluids through pipes affect blood flow and blood
- 38. The interrelationship of cross-sectional area of blood vessels, blood flow velocity, and blood pressure. 5,000 4,000
- 39. Blood Pressure Blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a
- 40. Changes in Blood Pressure During the Cardiac Cycle Systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries
- 41. Regulation of Blood Pressure Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance due to
- 42. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation help maintain adequate blood flow as the body’s demands change. The peptide endothelin
- 43. Question: How do endothelial cells control vasoconstriction? Ser RESULTS Ser Ser Cys Cys —NH3+ Leu Met
- 44. Measurement of blood pressure: sphygmomanometer Pressure in cuff greater than 120 mm Hg Rubber cuff inflated
- 45. Fainting is caused by inadequate blood flow to the head. Animals with longer necks require a
- 46. Blood flow in veins Direction of blood flow in vein (toward heart) Valve (open) Skeletal muscle
- 47. Capillary Function Capillaries in major organs are usually filled to capacity. Blood supply varies in many
- 48. Blood flow in capillary beds Precapillary sphincters Thoroughfare channel Arteriole Capillaries Venule (a) Sphincters relaxed (b)
- 49. The critical exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid takes place across the thin
- 50. Fluid exchange between capillaries and the interstitial fluid Body tissue Capillary INTERSTITIAL FLUID Net fluid movement
- 51. Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System The lymphatic system - returns fluid that leaks out in
- 52. Lymph nodes are organs that produce phagocytic white blood cells and filter lymph - an important
- 53. Blood Composition and Function Blood consists of several kinds of blood cells suspended in a liquid
- 54. Composition of mammalian blood Plasma 55% Constituent Major functions Water Solvent for carrying other substances Ions
- 55. Plasma Blood plasma is about 90% water. Among its solutes are inorganic salts in the form
- 56. Cellular Elements Suspended in blood plasma are two types of cells: Red blood cells rbc =
- 57. Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are by far the most numerous blood cells. They transport oxygen
- 58. Leukocytes - Defense There are five major types of white blood cells, or leukocytes: monocytes, neutrophils,
- 59. Platelets - Blood Clotting Platelets are fragments of cells and function in blood clotting. When the
- 60. Collagen fibers Platelet plug Platelet releases chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky Clotting factors from: Platelets
- 61. Stem Cells and the Replacement of Cellular Elements The cellular elements of blood wear out and
- 62. Differentiation of Blood Cells Stem cells in bone marrow Myeloid stem cells Lymphoid stem cells Lymphocytes
- 63. Cardiovascular Disease = Disorders of the Heart and the Blood Vessels One type of cardiovascular disease,
- 64. Atherosclerosis Connective tissue Smooth muscle Endothelium Plaque (a) Normal artery (b) Partly clogged artery 50 µm
- 65. Treatment and Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease Cholesterol is a major contributor to atherosclerosis. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
- 66. Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces Gas exchange supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes
- 67. Respiratory Media Animals can use air or water as a source of O2, or respiratory medium.
- 68. Respiratory Surfaces Animals require large, moist respiratory surfaces for exchange of gases between their cells and
- 69. Gills are outfoldings of the body that create a large surface area for gas exchange Parapodium
- 70. Ventilation moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface. Aquatic animals move through water or move
- 71. Structure and function of fish gills Anatomy of gills Gill arch Water flow Operculum Gill arch
- 72. Tracheal Systems in Insects The tracheal system of insects consists of tiny branching tubes that penetrate
- 73. Tracheal systems Air sacs Tracheae = air tubes External opening: spiracles Body cell Air sac Tracheole
- 74. Lungs = Infoldings of the body surface The circulatory system (open or closed) transports gases between
- 75. Mammalian Respiratory Systems: A Closer Look A system of branching ducts / air tubes conveys air
- 76. Mammalian Respiratory System Pharynx Larynx (Esophagus) Trachea Right lung Bronchus Bronchiole Diaphragm Heart SEM Left lung
- 77. Breathing Ventilates the Lungs by Inhalation and Exhalation of Air Amphibians, such as a frog, ventilates
- 78. Negative pressure breathing: H --> L Lung Diaphragm Air inhaled Rib cage expands as rib muscles
- 79. How a Bird Breathes Birds have eight or nine air sacs that function as bellows that
- 80. The Avian Respiratory System Anterior air sacs Posterior air sacs Lungs Air Lungs Air 1 mm
- 81. Control of Breathing in Humans In humans, the main breathing control centers are in two regions
- 82. Sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood. These
- 83. Automatic control of breathing Breathing control centers Cerebrospinal fluid Pons Medulla oblongata Carotid arteries Aorta Diaphragm
- 84. Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases The metabolic demands of many
- 85. Loading and unloading of respiratory gases Alveolus PO2 = 100 mm Hg PO2 = 40 PO2
- 86. Respiratory Pigments Respiratory pigments = proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that
- 87. Hemoglobin A single hemoglobin molecule can carry four molecules of O2 The hemoglobin dissociation curve shows
- 88. β Chains Iron Heme α Chains Hemoglobin
- 89. Dissociation curves for hemoglobin at 37ºC O2 unloaded to tissues at rest O2 unloaded to tissues
- 90. Carbon Dioxide Transport Hemoglobin also helps transport CO2 and assists in buffering. CO2 from respiring cells
- 91. Carbon dioxide transport in the blood Body tissue CO2 produced CO2 transport from tissues Capillary wall
- 92. Elite Animal Athletes Migratory and diving mammals have evolutionary adaptations that allow them to perform extraordinary
- 93. Review Inhaled air Exhaled air Alveolar epithelial cells Lungs - Alveolar Air Spaces GAS EXCHANGE CO2
- 94. You should now be able to: Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems. Compare and
- 95. Define cardiac cycle and explain the role of the sinoatrial node. Relate the structures of capillaries,
- 96. Describe the role played by the lymphatic system in relation to the circulatory system. Describe the
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