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- 2. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Responsible for the Laws governing Inheritance of Traits. copyright cmassengale
- 3. Gregor Johann Mendel Austrian monk Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants. Developed the laws
- 4. Gregor Johann Mendel Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 pea plants. He
- 5. Site of Gregor Mendel’s experimental garden in the Czech Republic. copyright cmassengale
- 6. Mendel stated that physical traits are inherited as “particles”. Mendel did not know that the “particles”
- 7. Genetic Terminology Trait - any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring. Heredity -
- 8. Types of Genetic Crosses Monohybrid cross - cross involving a single trait e.g. flower color. Dihybrid
- 9. Punnett Square Used to help solve genetics problems copyright cmassengale
- 10. copyright cmassengale
- 11. Designers - “Genes” Alleles - two forms of a gene (dominant & recessive). Dominant - stronger
- 12. Genotype - gene combination for a trait. (e.g. RR, Rr, rr) Phenotype - the physical feature
- 13. Genotype & Phenotype in Flowers Genotype of alleles: R = red flower r = yellow flower
- 14. Genotypes Homozygous genotype - gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes (e.g. RR or
- 15. Genes and Environment Determine Characteristics copyright cmassengale
- 16. Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments copyright cmassengale
- 17. Why peas, Pisum sativum? Can be grown in a small area. Produce lots of offspring. Produce
- 18. Reproduction in Flowering Plants Pollen contains sperm Produced by the stamen. Ovary contains eggs found inside
- 19. Mendel’s Experimental Methods Mendel hand-pollinated flowers using a paintbrush He could snip the stamens to prevent
- 20. How Mendel Began Mendel produced pure strains by allowing the plants to self-pollinate for several generations.
- 21. EightTraits of Pea Plant Seed shape --- Round (R) or Wrinkled (r) Seed Color ---- Yellow
- 22. copyright cmassengale
- 23. copyright cmassengale
- 24. Mendel’s Experimental Results copyright cmassengale
- 25. Did the observed ratio match the theoretical ratio? The theoretical or expected ratio of plants producing
- 26. Generation “Gap” Parental P1 Generation = the parental generation in a breeding experiment. F1 generation =
- 27. Following the Generations Cross 2 Pure Plants TT x tt Results in all Hybrids Tt Cross
- 28. Monohybrid Crosses copyright cmassengale
- 29. Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds
- 30. P1 Monohybrid Cross Review Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive Offspring all Heterozygous (hybrids) Offspring called F1
- 31. Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
- 32. F1 Monohybrid Cross Review Heterozygous x heterozygous Offspring: 25% Homozygous dominant RR 50% Heterozygous Rr 25%
- 33. What Do the Peas Look Like? copyright cmassengale
- 34. …And Now the Test Cross Mendel then crossed a pure & a hybrid from his F2
- 35. Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
- 36. Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled Cross: Wrinkled seeds x Round seeds
- 37. F2 Monohybrid Cross Review Homozygous x heterozygous (hybrid) Offspring: 50% Homozygous RR or rr 50% Heterozygous
- 38. Practice Your Crosses Work the P1, F1, and both F2 Crosses for each of the other
- 39. Mendel’s Laws copyright cmassengale
- 40. Results of Monohybrid Crosses Inheritable factors or genes are responsible for all heritable characteristics. Phenotype is
- 41. Law of Dominance In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one
- 42. Law of Dominance copyright cmassengale
- 43. Law of Segregation During the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm), the two alleles responsible for
- 44. Applying the Law of Segregation copyright cmassengale
- 45. Law of Independent Assortment Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently
- 46. Dihybrid Cross A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of two traits. Mendel’s “Law of Independent
- 47. Question: How many gametes will be produced for the following allele arrangements? Remember: 2n (n =
- 48. Answer: 1. RrYy: 2n = 22 = 4 gametes RY Ry rY ry 2. AaBbCCDd: 2n
- 49. Dihybrid Cross Traits: Seed shape & Seed color Alleles: R round r wrinkled Y yellow y
- 50. Dihybrid Cross copyright cmassengale
- 51. Dihybrid Cross copyright cmassengale
- 52. Dihybrid Cross Round/Yellow: 9 Round/green: 3 wrinkled/Yellow: 3 wrinkled/green: 1 9:3:3:1 copyright cmassengale
- 53. Test Cross A mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual. Example:
- 54. Test Cross Possible results: copyright cmassengale
- 55. Summary of Mendel’s laws copyright cmassengale
- 56. Incomplete Dominance and Codominance copyright cmassengale
- 57. Incomplete Dominance F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhat in between the phenotypes of the two parental
- 58. Incomplete Dominance r copyright cmassengale
- 59. Incomplete Dominance copyright cmassengale
- 60. Codominance Two alleles are expressed (multiple alleles) in heterozygous individuals. Example: blood type 1. type A
- 61. Codominance Problem Example: homozygous male Type B (IBIB) x heterozygous female Type A (IAi) copyright cmassengale
- 62. Another Codominance Problem Example: male Type O (ii) x female type AB (IAIB) copyright cmassengale
- 63. Codominance Question: If a boy has a blood type O and his sister has blood type
- 64. Codominance Answer: Parents: genotypes = IAi and IBi phenotypes = A and B copyright cmassengale
- 65. Sex-linked Traits Traits (genes) located on the sex chromosomes. Sex chromosomes are X and Y XX
- 66. Sex-linked Traits Sex Chromosomes Example: Eye color in fruit flies copyright cmassengale
- 67. Sex-linked Trait Problem Example: Eye color in fruit flies (red-eyed male) x (white-eyed female) XRY x
- 68. Sex-linked Trait Solution: 50% red eyed female 50% white eyed male copyright cmassengale
- 69. Female Carriers copyright cmassengale
- 70. Genetic Practice Problems copyright cmassengale
- 71. Breed the P1 generation tall (TT) x dwarf (tt) pea plants copyright cmassengale
- 72. Solution: tall (TT) vs. dwarf (tt) pea plants copyright cmassengale
- 73. Breed the F1 generation tall (Tt) vs. tall (Tt) pea plants copyright cmassengale
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