Sensors and actuators

Сентябрь 15, 2022

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Sensors and actuators

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2. Sensors and Transducers (definition) Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Sensors are used for an element which produces a
3. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Range and span Range defines the limits between
4. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Accuracy is the extend to which the value
5. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Sensitivity is relationship indicating how much output you
6. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 5. Hysteresis error is due to the fact
7. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 6. Non-linearity error is due to the fact
8. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 6. Non-linearity error a. The error is defined
9. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 6. Non-linearity error b. The error is defined
10. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 6. Non-linearity error c. The error is defined
11. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 7. Repeatability/reproducibility of a transducer are used to
12. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 8. Stability of a transducer is its ability
13. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 9. Dead band/time of a transducer is the
14. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 10. Resolution. When the input varies continuously over
15. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 11. Output impedance When a sensor giving an
16. Sensors performance terminology and specifications Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Example of the specification of a stain gauge
17. Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sensors Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri The static characteristics are the values given
18. Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sensors Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Response time is the time which elapses
19. Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sensors Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Time constant is the 63.2% response time.
20. Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sensors Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Settling time is the time taken for
21. Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sensors Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Example. Fig. shows the graph of how
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Слайд 2

Sensors and Transducers
(definition)
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
Sensors are used for an element

which produces a signal relating the quantity being measured (example, temperature sensor transforms an input temperature into a change in resistance)
Transducers are defined as elements that when subject to some physical change experience a related change
Sensors are transducers

Слайд 3

Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
Range and span

Range defines the limits between which the input can vary
Span is the maximum value of the input minus the minimum
value. Example, a load cell for the measurement of forces might have a range of 0 to 50 kN and span of 50 kN
2. Error is the difference between the results of the measurement and the true value of the quantity being measured
Error= measured value – true value
Example, if the measured temperature is 25°C when the actual
is 24°, then the error is +1°C. Instead if the measured value
was 26°, then the error should be -1°

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Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
Accuracy is the extend

to which the value indicated by a
measurement system might be wrong. In other words, it is the
summation of all the possible errors that are likely to occur
Example, the temperature – measuring instrument may be
specified as having an accuracy of ± 2°C of the true value . It
means that the reading given by the instrument can be
expected to lie within + or – 2°C of the true value
Accuracy is often expressed as a percentage of the full range
output or full-scale deflection
Example, the reading may be specified as having an accuracy
of ± 5% of full range output. Then if the range of the sensor is 0
to 200° the reading given can be expected to be within + or –
10°C of the true reading

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Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
Sensitivity is relationship indicating

how much output you get per unit of input, i.e. input/output relationships.
Example, a resistance thermometer may have a sensitivity of 0.5 Ω/°C. The higher sensitivity is the better quality of it.
.
This term is also frequently used to indicate the sensitivity to inputs other than being measured, i.e. environmental changes such environmental temperature or fluctuation the in the mains voltage supply. Example, the pressure transducer may have a temperature sensitivity of ±0.1 % of the reading per °C change in temperature.

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Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
5. Hysteresis error is

due to the fact that transducers can give different outputs from the same value of quantity being measured according to whether that value has been reached by a continuously increasing or decreasing change . It is the maximum difference in output for increasing and decreasing values

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Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
6. Non-linearity error is

due to the fact that most of the transducers have nonlinear relationships between the output and input. However, a linear relationship is assumed in many cases. The error is defined as the maximum difference from the linear behavior.
Various methods are used for the numerical expression of the non-linearity error . The error is generally quoted as a percentage of the full range output.
Example, ±0.5 % of the full range.

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Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
6. Non-linearity error
a. The

error is defined as the difference between the curve and the straight line joining the output values at the end points of the range

Слайд 9

Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
6. Non-linearity error
b. The

error is defined as the difference between the curve and the straight line drawn by using the method of least squares that defines the best fit line when all data values are considered equally likely to be in error.

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Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
6. Non-linearity error
c. The

error is defined as the difference between the curve and the straight line drawn by using the method of least squares that defines the best fit line which passes through the zero point.

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Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
7. Repeatability/reproducibility of a

transducer are used to describe its ability to give the same output for repeated application of the same input value. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the full output.
Repeatability =

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Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
8. Stability of a

transducer is its ability to give the same output when used to measure a constant input over a period of time.
The term drift is often used to describe the change in output that occurs over time. Can be expressed as a percentage of the full range output.
The term zero drift is used for the change that occur in the output when there is zero input.

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Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
9. Dead band/time of

a transducer is the range of input values for which there is no output.
Example, bearing friction in a flow meter using a rotor might mean that there is no output until the input has reached a particular velocity threshold .
The dead time is the length of time from the application of an input until the output begins to respond and change.

Слайд 14

Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
10. Resolution.
When the input

varies continuously over the range, the output signals for some sensors may change in small steps.
The resolution is the smallest change in the input value that will produce an observable change in the output
Example, in wire-wound potentiometer the output going up in steps as the potentiometer slides mover from one wire turn to the next. The resolution of it can be specified, say, 0.5° or percentage of the full-scale deflection.
For a sensor giving a digital output the smallest change in output is 1 bit. The higher number of bits the better is the resolution, i.e. it is smaller. The sensor with data word of N bits digital or a total of 2N decimal, the resolution is 1/ 2N

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Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
11. Output impedance
When

a sensor giving an electrical output is interfaced with an electronic circuits it is necessary to know the output impedance since this impedance is being connected in either series or parallel with that circuit.
The inclusion of the sensor can significantly modify the behavior of the system to which it is connected.

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Sensors performance terminology and specifications
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
Example of the specification

of a stain gauge pressure sensor

Слайд 17

Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sensors
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
The static characteristics

are the values given when steady-state conditions occur, i.e. the values given when the transducer has settled after having received some input
The dynamic characteristics refer to the behavior (or system response) between the time that the input value changes and the time when the output settles down to the steady-state value
Example, the input might be a step input when the input is suddenly changed from 0 to a constant value, or a ramp input when the input is changed at a steady rate, or a sinusoidal input of a specified frequency

Слайд 18

Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sensors
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
Response time is

the time which elapses after a constant step input is applied to the transducer up to the point at which the transducer gives an output corresponding to some percentage, e.g. 95% of the input .
Example, mercury-in-glass thermometer is put into a hot liquid there can be as much as 100 s elapsed before the thermometer indicates 95% of the
actual temperature of the liquid.

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Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sensors
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
Time constant is

the 63.2% response time. It is a measure of the inertia of sensor and so how fast it will react to changes in its input. The bugger the time constant the slower will be its reaction to a changing input
Rise time is the time taken for the output to rise to some specified percentage of the steady-state output, for example from 10% to 90% of the steady- state

Слайд 20

Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sensors
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
Settling time is

the time taken for the output to settle to within some percentage, e.g. 2% of the steady-state value
Example. Consider the following data which indicates how an instrument reading changed with time, being obtained from a thermometer plunged into a liquid at time t=0 s. The 95% response time is required

Слайд 21

Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Sensors
Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri
Example. Fig. shows

the graph of how the temperature indicated by the thermometer varies with time. The steady-state value is 55°C and so, since 95% of 55 is 52.25, the 95% repose time is about 228 s.

Sensors and actuators

Содержание

Sensors and Transducers(definition)Pr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Sensors are used for an element

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Range and span

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Accuracy is the extend

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Sensitivity is relationship indicating

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 5. Hysteresis error is

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 6. Non-linearity error is

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 6. Non-linearity errora. The

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 6. Non-linearity errorb. The

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 6. Non-linearity errorc. The

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 7. Repeatability/reproducibility of a

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 8. Stability of a

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 9. Dead band/time of

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 10. Resolution.When the input

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri 11. Output impedance When

Sensors performance terminology and specificationsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Example of the specification

Static and Dynamic Characteristics of SensorsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri The static characteristics

Static and Dynamic Characteristics of SensorsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Response time is

Static and Dynamic Characteristics of SensorsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Time constant is

Static and Dynamic Characteristics of SensorsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Settling time is

Static and Dynamic Characteristics of SensorsPr. Nazim Mir-Nasiri Example. Fig. shows

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