Comparing political culture. Inglehart’s Theory of Value Change and Support for Democracy

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Comparing political culture. Inglehart’s Theory of Value Change and Support for Democracy

Содержание

2. Class Structure What is ‘political culture’ and what is Inglehart’s theory of value change? What evidence
3. What is political culture? Components: Values and priorities Cognitive beliefs, attitudes, and opinions, Social norms and
4. Claim that culture matters.. “If the democratic model is to develop in new nations, it will
5. 1. Ronald Inglehart’s theory The Silent Revolution (1977) Culture Shift (1990) Modernization and Post-Modernization (1997) Inglehart
6. Theory of cultural change “Economic, cultural and political change go together in coherent patterns that are
7. Premises of theory Values = personal or social goals Values > attitudes > beliefs Scarcity hypothesis
8. Maslovian Value Hierarchy Social/ self-actualization needs (Post-Materialist) Physical needs (Materialist) Aesthetic Intellectual Belonging and esteem Safety
9. Predictions Value change > social/political change Generational patterns (pre+post 1945) Decline of ‘old’ political cleavages Class,
10. New political cleavages Old right Old left New left New right
11. Cultural Shifts Rational-Legal Authority Achievement Motivation Traditional Authority Religious/communal values De-emphasis of Authority Post-materialist Values Post-Modernization
12. Process of social change Agrarian to modern From agriculture to heavy industry Rural to urban Division
13. Qualifications Modernization =/=Westernization Modernization =/= democratization Change is not linear – can be stepped Not deterministic
14. 2: Evidence “There is a lot of talk these days about what the aims of the
15. Questions about the evidence Is economic development linked with cultural values? Do values cluster in predictable
16. 89 Nations in the WVS 1980-2007
17. WVS -Waves 1980-1984 - 22 nations 1990-1993 - 42 nations 1995-1997 - 53 nations 1999-2002 -
19. Cohort Analysis: EU
20. Cohort Analysis
22. 3. Potential criticisms? Measure of post-materialism? Diverse patterns across societies e.g. environmental movement, green parties Economic-cultural
23. 4. Implications for democratic support Inglehart and Welzel’s theory Self-expression values influence subsequent democratic institutions (not
24. Why does development strengthen self-expression values? Socio-economic development increases: Financial capital and economic resources (income and
25. Measuring self-expression values Post-materialist values R gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index) Life satisfaction and
26. Measuring self-expression values Post-materialist values R gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index) Life satisfaction and
27. Factor analysis loadings R gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index) .87 R describes self as
28. Defining and measuring democracy Constitutional democracy (exec constraints, etc) Polity IV 20-pt democracy-autocracy scale Electoral democracy
29. Direction of causality? Impact of values (X) on democracy (Y) Test for: Temporal order X t1
30. Self-expression values & democracy
31. Models: 61 nations Self-expression values, early-1990s Socio-econ resources, early-1990s Democracy, FH 1997-2002 Democracy, FH 1981-1986 Self-expression
32. Why not reverse causality? Living under democracy leads to values? Democratic institutions encourage tolerance, trust, etc?
33. Critique? Robert W. Jackman and Ross A. Miller Before Norms: Institutions & Civic Culture U. Michigan
34. 3. Jackman and Miller critique “We believe there is no systematic evidence that links cultural values
35. Jackman and Miller critique What counts as ‘culture’? Post-materialist values Self-expression values? Levels of social trust?
36. Jackman and Miller critique “These problems taken as a whole generate a set of non-cumulative results
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Class Structure
What is ‘political culture’ and what is Inglehart’s theory of

value change?
What evidence supports the general theory?
Potential criticisms of Inglehart?
What are the consequences for support for democracy and democratization?

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What is political culture?
Components:
Values and priorities
Cognitive beliefs, attitudes, and opinions,

Social norms and practices
Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba’s The Civic Culture (1963) –
“Attitudes towards the political system and its various parts, and attitudes towards the role of the self in the system.”
Enduring orientation acquired due to the socialization process

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Claim that culture matters..
“If the democratic model is to develop in

new nations, it will require more than the formal institutions of democracy..[it] requires as well a political culture consistent with it..the norms and values of ordinary citizens”
Almond and Verba The Civic Culture (1963)

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1. Ronald Inglehart’s theory
The Silent Revolution (1977)
Culture Shift (1990)
Modernization and Post-Modernization

(1997)
Inglehart & Norris Rising Tide (2003)
Norris and Inglehart Sacred & Secular (2004)
Inglehart and Welzel Modernization, cultural change and democracy (2005)
www.worldvaluessurvey.org

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Theory of cultural change
“Economic, cultural and political change go together in

coherent patterns that are changing the world in predictable ways.”
Inglehart Ch 1.
Probabilistic non-linear trajectories, but not precise predictions in all cases

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Premises of theory
Values = personal or social goals
Values > attitudes >

beliefs
Scarcity hypothesis
Socialization hypothesis
Maslovian value hierarchy

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Maslovian Value Hierarchy
Social/ self-actualization needs (Post-Materialist)
Physical needs (Materialist)
Aesthetic
Intellectual
Belonging and esteem
Safety
Sustenance

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Predictions
Value change > social/political change
Generational patterns (pre+post 1945)
Decline of ‘old’

political cleavages
Class, region, religion
Rise of new politics
Materialist v. post-materialist new parties eg Greens
New social movements eg women, gays, environmentalists
New public policy agenda
New demands for participation beyond elections
New ‘quality of life’ issues
New left and new right
Growing cultural demand for democratic institutions

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New political cleavages
Old right
Old left
New left
New right

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Cultural Shifts
Rational-Legal Authority
Achievement Motivation
Traditional Authority
Religious/communal values
De-emphasis of Authority
Post-materialist Values
Post-Modernization
Modernization

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Process of social change
Agrarian to modern
From agriculture to heavy industry
Rural to

urban
Division church and state
Mass education and literacy
Occupational specialization
Working class and urban bourgeoisie, decline of peasants and landed estates
Bureaucratic rational-legal authority, expansion of franchise
Basic welfare state and social protection, education/health
From extended to nuclear families
Entry more women into paid workforce

Modern to Post-modern
Service sector
Urban to suburban
Secularization & scientific authority
Higher education
Flexible careers
From ascribed to achieved status, decline in political salience of class cleavage
Growth of multilayered governance, rise of new participatory demands
Market liberalization and contracting out of social protection functions
Growth non-traditional households
Growing sex equality in the home and workplace

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Qualifications
Modernization =/=Westernization
Modernization =/= democratization
Change is not linear – can be stepped
Not

deterministic – reciprocal causal linkages or functional evolution

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2: Evidence
“There is a lot of talk these days about what

the aims of the country should be for the next ten years. On this card are listed some of the goals which different people would give as top priority. Would you please say which of these you consider the most important? And which would be the next most important?
Maintaining order in the nation
Giving people more say in important government decisions
Fighting rising prices
Protecting freedom of speech”

Mat

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Questions about the evidence
Is economic development linked with cultural values?
Do values

cluster in predictable patterns?
How does region and religion influence cultural values?

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89 Nations in the WVS 1980-2007

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WVS -Waves
1980-1984 - 22 nations
1990-1993 - 42 nations
1995-1997 - 53 nations
1999-2002

- 79 nations
2006-2007 – 42 nations to date
Representative surveys per nation 1000
New sources www.globalbarometer.org
Africa, Latin America, Asia, C&E Europe

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Cohort Analysis: EU

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Cohort Analysis

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3. Potential criticisms?
Measure of post-materialism?
Diverse patterns across societies
e.g. environmental movement,

green parties
Economic-cultural determinism?
Prospects for democracy in agrarian societies
e.g. Can agrarian societies like India be democratic?

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4. Implications for democratic support
Inglehart and Welzel’s theory
Self-expression values influence subsequent

democratic institutions (not vice versa)
Direct attitudes towards democracy are less important than self-expression values

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Why does development strengthen self-expression values?
Socio-economic development increases:
Financial capital and

economic resources (income and wealth)
Human capital and cognitive resources (access to information and education), and
Social capital (diversifying human interaction and networks)
Reduces constraints (widens objective capacity of people to act according to their own choices)
Leads towards self-expression values (subjective aspirations for choice)
In turn, self-expression values lead towards greater demand for entitlement to choice, including civil and political liberties, and demand for democratic institutions

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Measuring self-expression values
Post-materialist values
R gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index)
Life

satisfaction and subjective well-being
R describes self as ‘very’ or ‘rather’ happy
Tolerance of other’s liberty
R agrees that homosexuality is justifiable (10-pt scale)
Elite-challenging civil activity
R would sign a petition
Generalized interpersonal trust:
R agrees ‘most people can be trusted most of the time’
Is the measure valid, reliable, and robust?

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Measuring self-expression values
Post-materialist values
R gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index)
Life

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Factor analysis loadings
R gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index) .87
R

describes self as ‘very’ or ‘rather’ happy .81
R agrees that homosexuality is justifiable (10-pt scale) .77
R would sign a petition .74
R agrees ‘most people can be trusted most of the time’ .46
25% cross-national variations in ‘survival’ v. ‘self-expression’ values
(Aggregate-level analysis WVS 78 societies 1981-2001)

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Defining and measuring democracy
Constitutional democracy (exec constraints, etc)
Polity IV 20-pt democracy-autocracy

scale
Electoral democracy
Vanhanen 100-pt scale (Turnout*party competition)
Formal democracy
Civil and political liberties
Freedom House 12-pt scale
Regime change = 4+ pt FH scale change per year
Major watershed 1987-1996
Effective democracy
How far power-holders follow legal norms
FH scores * WB anticorruption scores

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Direction of causality?
Impact of values (X) on democracy (Y)
Test for:
Temporal

order
X t1 leads to Y t2…
Spuriousness
Control for Z (economic development)
Autocorrelations
Measure of Y t1 leads to Y t2

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Self-expression values & democracy

Слайд 31

Models: 61 nations
Self-expression values, early-1990s
Socio-econ resources, early-1990s
Democracy, FH 1997-2002
Democracy, FH 1981-1986
Self-expression

values, early-1990s

Socio-econ resources, early-1990s

.49**

.81***

.26

.11

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Why not reverse causality?
Living under democracy leads to values?
Democratic institutions encourage

tolerance, trust, etc?
Examine historical development in specific cases e.g.
post-Communist countries
Singapore
Germany
India
What of direct attitudes towards democratic ideals and practices?

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Critique?
Robert W. Jackman and Ross A. Miller Before Norms: Institutions &

Civic Culture U. Michigan Press 2005

Слайд 34

3. Jackman and Miller critique
“We believe there is no systematic evidence

that links cultural values either to the longer-term viability of democratic institutions or even to shorter-term transitions to democracy.”
Robert W. Jackman and Ross A. Miller p.129
Claims driven by one or more enigmatic empirical decisions, without which the argument fails.

Слайд 35

Jackman and Miller critique
What counts as ‘culture’?
Post-materialist values
Self-expression values?
Levels of social

trust?
Support for democratic ideals or practices?
Tendency towards ex post explanation
Eg Confucianism ‘explains’ economic growth of the Asian tigers?
Problems of a few influential cases driving general results

Слайд 36

Jackman and Miller critique
“These problems taken as a whole generate a

set of non-cumulative results and thereby signify an empirical research program grounded on a set of ad hoc assumptions.”
Jackman and Miller p.131
More plausible to treat values as endogenous i.e. a response to the conditions within which people find themselves.
Eg national wealth and degree of democracy lead towards self-reported life satisfaction
Eg performance of government institutions leads towards political trust and confidence in them
Political and economic circumstances > values
Not values leading to economic and political outcomes

Comparing political culture. Inglehart’s Theory of Value Change and Support for Democracy

Содержание

Class StructureWhat is ‘political culture’ and what is Inglehart’s theory of

What is political culture?Components:Values and priorities Cognitive beliefs, attitudes, and opinions,

Claim that culture matters..“If the democratic model is to develop in

1. Ronald Inglehart’s theoryThe Silent Revolution (1977)Culture Shift (1990)Modernization and Post-Modernization

Theory of cultural change“Economic, cultural and political change go together in

Premises of theoryValues = personal or social goalsValues > attitudes >

Maslovian Value HierarchySocial/ self-actualization needs (Post-Materialist)Physical needs (Materialist) AestheticIntellectualBelonging and esteemSafetySustenance

Predictions Value change > social/political changeGenerational patterns (pre+post 1945)Decline of ‘old’

New political cleavagesOld rightOld leftNew leftNew right

Cultural ShiftsRational-Legal AuthorityAchievement MotivationTraditional AuthorityReligious/communal valuesDe-emphasis of AuthorityPost-materialist ValuesPost-ModernizationModernization

Process of social changeAgrarian to modernFrom agriculture to heavy industryRural to

QualificationsModernization =/=WesternizationModernization =/= democratizationChange is not linear – can be steppedNot

2: Evidence“There is a lot of talk these days about what

Questions about the evidenceIs economic development linked with cultural values?Do values

89 Nations in the WVS 1980-2007

WVS -Waves1980-1984 - 22 nations1990-1993 - 42 nations1995-1997 - 53 nations1999-2002

Cohort Analysis: EU

Cohort Analysis

3. Potential criticisms?Measure of post-materialism?Diverse patterns across societies e.g. environmental movement,

4. Implications for democratic supportInglehart and Welzel’s theorySelf-expression values influence subsequent

Why does development strengthen self-expression values?Socio-economic development increases: Financial capital and

Measuring self-expression valuesPost-materialist valuesR gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index)Life

Measuring self-expression valuesPost-materialist valuesR gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index)Life

Factor analysis loadingsR gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index) .87R

Defining and measuring democracyConstitutional democracy (exec constraints, etc)Polity IV 20-pt democracy-autocracy

Direction of causality?Impact of values (X) on democracy (Y)Test for: Temporal

Self-expression values & democracy

Models: 61 nationsSelf-expression values, early-1990sSocio-econ resources, early-1990sDemocracy, FH 1997-2002Democracy, FH 1981-1986Self-expression

Why not reverse causality?Living under democracy leads to values?Democratic institutions encourage

Critique?Robert W. Jackman and Ross A. Miller Before Norms: Institutions &

3. Jackman and Miller critique“We believe there is no systematic evidence

Jackman and Miller critiqueWhat counts as ‘culture’?Post-materialist valuesSelf-expression values?Levels of social

Jackman and Miller critique“These problems taken as a whole generate a

Похожие презентации

Class Structure
What is ‘political culture’ and what is Inglehart’s theory of

What is political culture?
Components:
Values and priorities
Cognitive beliefs, attitudes, and opinions,

Claim that culture matters..
“If the democratic model is to develop in

1. Ronald Inglehart’s theory
The Silent Revolution (1977)
Culture Shift (1990)
Modernization and Post-Modernization

Theory of cultural change
“Economic, cultural and political change go together in

Premises of theory
Values = personal or social goals
Values > attitudes >

Maslovian Value Hierarchy
Social/ self-actualization needs (Post-Materialist)
Physical needs (Materialist)
Aesthetic
Intellectual
Belonging and esteem
Safety
Sustenance

Predictions
Value change > social/political change
Generational patterns (pre+post 1945)
Decline of ‘old’

New political cleavages
Old right
Old left
New left
New right

Cultural Shifts
Rational-Legal Authority
Achievement Motivation
Traditional Authority
Religious/communal values
De-emphasis of Authority
Post-materialist Values
Post-Modernization
Modernization

Process of social change
Agrarian to modern
From agriculture to heavy industry
Rural to

Qualifications
Modernization =/=Westernization
Modernization =/= democratization
Change is not linear – can be stepped
Not

2: Evidence
“There is a lot of talk these days about what

Questions about the evidence
Is economic development linked with cultural values?
Do values

WVS -Waves
1980-1984 - 22 nations
1990-1993 - 42 nations
1995-1997 - 53 nations
1999-2002

3. Potential criticisms?
Measure of post-materialism?
Diverse patterns across societies
e.g. environmental movement,

4. Implications for democratic support
Inglehart and Welzel’s theory
Self-expression values influence subsequent

Why does development strengthen self-expression values?
Socio-economic development increases:
Financial capital and

Measuring self-expression values
Post-materialist values
R gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index)
Life

Measuring self-expression values
Post-materialist values
R gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index)
Life

Factor analysis loadings
R gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index) .87
R

Defining and measuring democracy
Constitutional democracy (exec constraints, etc)
Polity IV 20-pt democracy-autocracy

Direction of causality?
Impact of values (X) on democracy (Y)
Test for:
Temporal

Models: 61 nations
Self-expression values, early-1990s
Socio-econ resources, early-1990s
Democracy, FH 1997-2002
Democracy, FH 1981-1986
Self-expression

Why not reverse causality?
Living under democracy leads to values?
Democratic institutions encourage

Critique?
Robert W. Jackman and Ross A. Miller Before Norms: Institutions &

3. Jackman and Miller critique
“We believe there is no systematic evidence

Jackman and Miller critique
What counts as ‘culture’?
Post-materialist values
Self-expression values?
Levels of social

Jackman and Miller critique
“These problems taken as a whole generate a