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- 2. Structure of the Atmosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Ozone Maximum Stratosphere Troposphere Temperature
- 3. Electromagnetic Spectrum incoming outgoing
- 4. 1. Shorter, high Energy wavelengths Hit the earths Surface 2. Incoming energy Is converted to heat
- 5. 3. Longer, infrared Wavelengths hit Greenhouse gas Molecules in the atmosphere 4. Greenhouse gas Molecules in
- 6. 78% nitrogen 20.6% oxygen 0.4% water vapor 0.036% carbon dioxide traces gases: Ne, He, Kr, H,
- 7. Absorption Spectra of Atmospheric Gases Anthes, p. 55 CH4 CO2 N2O H2O O2 & O3 atmosphere
- 8. Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation and prevent it from escaping to space. Carbon dioxide, methane, and
- 9. Climate Change - Greenhouse Gases To be an effective greenhouse gas, a molecule must: - absorb
- 10. Earth’s Atmospheric Gases Non- Greenhouse Gases 99% Greenhouse Gases 1%
- 11. Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide Water Methane Nitrous Oxide
- 12. Greenhouse Gases Molecules must absorb light in the right regions - roughly 7 to 25 μm
- 13. - Greenhouse Gases Molecules absorbing light in the “IR window” regions are more effective Additional CO2
- 14. Selected Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Source: Fossil fuel burning, deforestation Anthropogenic increase: 30% Average atmospheric
- 15. Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming The “greenhouse effect” & global warming are not the same thing.
- 16. Global Energy Redistribution
- 17. Radiation is not evenly distributed over the Surface of the earth. The northern latitudes have an
- 18. The climate engine II Since earth does rotate, air packets do not follow longitude lines (Coriolis
- 19. Atmospheric Pressure Decreases With Height Most of the energy is captured close to the surface That
- 20. Cloud effects Low clouds over ocean more clouds reflect heat (cooling) fewer clouds trap heat (warming)
- 21. Fig. 19-10, p. 513
- 22. - Greenhouse Gases H2O as a greenhouse gas - the molecule responsible for the most greenhouse
- 23. The sun plays a key role in the earth’s temperature Researchers think that atmospheric warming is
- 24. Water vapor is one of the most important elements of the climate system. A greenhouse gas,
- 25. Nitrogen (N) is an essential component of DNA, RNA, and proteins, the building blocks of life.
- 26. Nitrogen’s triple bond Although the majority of the air we breathe is N2, most of the
- 29. Forms of Nitrogen Urea ? CO(NH2)2 Ammonia ? NH3 (gaseous) Ammonium ? NH4 Nitrate ? NO3
- 30. How can we use N2? In order for plants and animals to be able to use
- 31. Nitrogen Fixation (N2 --> NH3 or NH4+) ENVIRONMENTAL High-energy natural events which break the bond N2
- 32. Nitrogen Fixation R-NH2 NH4 NO2 NO3 NO2 NO N2O N2
- 33. Nitrogen Fixation N2 --> NH3 or NH4+ How? HUMAN IMPACT Burning fossil fuels, using synthetic nitrogen
- 34. Ammonification or Mineralization R-NH2 NH4 NO2 NO3 NO2 NO N2O N2
- 35. Nitrogen Mineralization also called Ammonification Organic N --> NH4+ Decay of dead things, manure, etc. Done
- 36. Nitrification R-NH2 NH4 NO2 NO3 NO2 NO N2O N2
- 37. Nitrification NH3 or NH4+ --> NO2- --> NO3- (Nitrifying) Bacteria add oxygen to nitrogen in two
- 38. Denitrification R-NH2 NH4 NO2 NO3 NO2 NO N2O N2
- 39. Denitrification NO3- --> N2 (Denitrifying) Bacteria do it. Denitrification removes nitrogen from ecosystems, and converts it
- 40. Denitrification Removes a limiting nutrient from the environment 4NO3- + C6H12O6? 2N2 + 6 H20 Inhibited
- 42. Nitrous oxide N2O Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, nitro, or NOS is a
- 43. N2O/O2 sedation It is necessary to use oxygen with nitrous oxide so that the blood remains
- 44. Nitrous oxide can be used as an oxidizer in a rocket motor In vehicle racing, nitrous
- 45. The gas is approved for use as a food additive (also known as E942), specifically as
- 46. Of the entire anthropogenic N2O emission (5.7 teragrams N2O-N per year), agricultural soils provide 3.5 teragrams
- 47. Cumulative effect Recent experiments show that interaction between water vapor, N2O and cosmic radiation increases cloud
- 48. - Other Effects on Climate Tropospheric Ozone Anthropogenic emissions have lead to increase Increases are heterogeneous,
- 49. - Other Effects on Climate Aerosol Effects – Light Scattering Aerosol As was discussed previously in
- 50. - Other Effects on Climate Aerosol Effects – Light Absorption Most aerosol constituents do not absorb
- 51. - Other Effects on Climate Indirect Effect of Aerosols One type is through modification of cloud
- 52. Climate Change - Other Effects on Climate Indirect Effect of Aerosols Larger droplets reflect light more
- 53. Aerosol and soot pollutants Can enhance or counteract projected global warming Sulfate particles reflect sunlight Soot
- 55. Feedback Effect The climate system is very complicated. A change in one component of the system
- 56. An example of positive feedback When the climate becomes warmer (either due to the increase of
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