Language in Britain (lecture 3)

Август 5, 2022

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Language in Britain (lecture 3)

Содержание

2. English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family
3. The name English is derived from Englisc, the language of the Angles and Saxons
4. Periods in the evolution of English: Old English – the mid 5th – the mid 12th
5. Old English period 1. Names of basic concepts and things: heaven and earth, love and hate,
6. Old English had: - 3 genders for nouns and adjectives: masculine, feminine, neuter - 4 cases
7. Middle English - was greatly influenced by French and Latin (over 10000 words were borrowed from
8. Modern English - The vocabulary is half Germanic (Old English and Scandinavian) and half Romance (French
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English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family

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The name English is derived from Englisc, the language of the

Angles and Saxons

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Periods in the evolution of English:
Old English – the mid 5th

– the mid 12th centuries
Middle English – the mid 12th – the mid 15th centuries
Modern English – the mid 15th – to the present

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Old English period 1. Names of basic concepts and things: heaven and earth,

love and hate, life and death, beginning and end, day and night etc. 2. Cardinal and ordinal numerals (except second) 3. Personal pronouns (except “they, their, them”) 4. The auxiliary verbs, most simple prepositions, all conjunctions

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Old English had: - 3 genders for nouns and adjectives: masculine, feminine,

neuter - 4 cases for nouns, pronouns, adjectives: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative - more irregular verbs than in Modern English

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Middle English
- was greatly influenced by French and Latin (over 10000

words were borrowed from French !)
- was of secondary importance and spoken by uneducated people
- had tremendous grammatical changes (the inflections and case endings of Old English disappeared, word order became of prime importance)

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Modern English
- The vocabulary is half Germanic (Old English and Scandinavian)

and half Romance (French and Latin) with Greek borrowings in in science and technology and also from Dutch, Italian, Spanish and some other languages
- is analytic (uninflected)
- One standard literary English: Received Standard English
- Several regional and social dialects (eg. cockney of East Londoners)