Metaphor and Metonymy

Июль 31, 2022

Содержание

2. Required readings: Yu, N. (2003). Chinese metaphors of thinking. Cognitive Linguistics, 14(2/3), 141–165 Huang, S. F.
3. Our concepts structure what we see, how we get around the world, and how we relate
4. According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980) Our conceptual system is not something we are normally aware
5. Since communication is based on the same conceptual system that we use in thinking and acting,
6. Conceptual System - Metaphorical in Nature Primarily on the basis of linguistic evidence, we have found
7. Metaphor A metaphor is the expression of an understanding of one concept in terms of another
8. The Concept of ARGUMENT and the Conceptual Metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR
9. Examples of A Verbal Battle: Your claims are indefensible. He attacked every weak point in my
10. We talk about arguments that way because we conceive of them that way – and we
11. The concept is metaphorically structured The activity is metaphorically structured Consequently, the language is metaphorically structured
12. Metaphor is not just a matter of language, that is, of mere words. Human thought processes
13. The metaphorical concept is systematic The language we use to talk about that aspect of concept
14. Chinese Metaphors of Thinking Yu, N. (2003: 141-165) Thinking is Object Manipulation 思想交流思想火花抛在脑后挖空心思
15. Acquiring Ideas is Eating 精神食粮陈腐观念陈糠烂谷子馊主意如饥似渴囫囵吐枣搜肠刮肚
16. Thinking is Moving 思路想到想通想出想开
17. Examples 门外一阵喧哗打断了她的思路。她忽然想到一件重要的事情。只要相通了，他就会积极地去干。她想出一条妙计。想开点，别生气了。她遭人遗弃，一时想不开就自杀了。。
18. Successful thinking takes a correct direction 晕头转向这道算题真难，把我搞得晕头转向。拐弯他思想一时还拐不过弯来。
19. Make a turn in thinking in order to ‘get back to the right track” 反思反省
20. One’s thinking can “travel” or “wander” very far and deep 深谋远虑思深虑远遐想遐思满天的繁星会引起人们无边无际的遐想。 “Hard
21. “back and forth movement” 进退两难左右为难我想去看她，可是不是时候，不去吧，又不放心。真是左右为难。
22. Thinking as Seeing 看看法我看他是个可靠的人。你对这件事怎么看？我们应该全面地看问题。你们应该看清形式。你们必须从实质上看。他把人民的利益看得高于一切。看穿看透看破看开
23. In the mental domain 见见解短见高见管见偏见浅见远见灼见卓见观观点
24. “Turn around and look back: when recalling the past 回首回眸回溯回忆回想回念回思
25. Thinking in the Heart or Mind 心事心思心想心算心口如一心想事成眼不见，心不烦老心者治人，劳力者治于人
26. Metaphorical concepts reflected in contemporary English example: TIME IS MONEY
27. You’re wasting my time. This gadget will save your hours. I don’t have the time to
28. In modern Western culture, time is money, time is a limited resource, and time is a
29. An entailment relationship There is subcategorization within this single system. These subcategorization relationships characterize entailment relationships
30. Metaphorical entailments can characterize a coherent system of metaphorical concepts and a corresponding coherent system of
31. Metonymy - Using one entity to refer to another that is related to it.
32. The primary function of Metaphor is understanding According to Bernhard Debatin (1995: 381) the fundamental function
33. Metonymy -> THE PART FOR THE WHOLE There are many parts that can stand for the
34. e.g. We need some good heads on the projects (good heads = intelligent people) head ->intelligent
35. Metonymy -> THE PART FOR THE WHOLE -> THE FACE FOR THE PERSON She’s just a
36. Metonymies are not random or arbitrary occurrences Metonymic concepts are also systematic They are instances of
37. e.g. THE PART FOR THE WHOLE We don’ hire longhairs. PRODUCER FOR PRODUCT He bought a
38. Thus, like metaphors, metonymic concepts structure not just our language but our thoughts, attitudes, and actions
39. The grounding of metonymic concepts is in general more obvious than is the case with metaphorical
40. How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded? e.g. Concepts that are understood directly
41. The structure of our spatial concepts emerges from our constant spatial experience – our interaction with
42. Every experience takes place within a vast background of cultural presuppositions. We experience our “world” in
43. UP-DOWN, IN-OUT, FRONT-BACK, LIGHT-DARK, WARM-COLD, MALE-FEMALE, etc. Such a sharply delineated conceptual structure for space emerges
44. We typically conceptualize the nonphysical in terms of the physical – that is, we conceptualize the
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Слайд 2

Required readings:
Yu, N. (2003). Chinese metaphors of thinking. Cognitive Linguistics, 14(2/3),

141–165
Huang, S. F. (1994). Chinese as a Metonymic Language. In Mathew Y. Chen and Ovid J.-L.. Tzeng. (eds.), In Honor of William S-Y. Wang. Interdisciplinary Studies on Language and Language Change. 223-252. Taipei: Pyramid.
Recommended readings:
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chapter 1: Concepts we live by. pp. 3-6; chapter 8: Metonymy. pp. 35-40; Chapter 12: How is our conceptual system grounded? pp. 56-60.
Grady, J. E., Oakley, T., & Coulson, S. (1999). Blending and Metaphor. In G. Steen & R. Gibbs (eds.), Metaphor in cognitive linguistics, pp.101–124. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

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Our concepts structure what we see, how we get around the

world, and how we relate to other people.
Our conceptual system thus plays a central role in defining our everyday realities.

According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980)

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According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980)
Our conceptual system is not something

we are normally aware of.

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Since communication is based on the same conceptual system that we

use in thinking and acting, language is an important source of evidence for what that system is like.

According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980)

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Conceptual System - Metaphorical in Nature
Primarily on the basis of linguistic

evidence, we have found that most of our ordinary conceptual system is metaphorical in nature.

According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980)

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Metaphor
A metaphor is the expression of an understanding of one concept

in terms of another concept, where there is some similarity or correlation between the two.
A metaphor is the understanding itself of one concept in terms of another.

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The Concept of ARGUMENT
and
the Conceptual Metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR

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Examples of A Verbal Battle:
Your claims are indefensible.
He attacked every weak

point in my argument.
His criticisms were right on target.
I demolished his argument.
I’ve never won an argument with him.
You disagree? Okay, shoot!
If you use that strategy, he’ll wipe you out.
He shot down all of my arguments.
(Lakoff & Johnson, 1980)

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We talk about arguments that way because we conceive of them

that way – and we act according to the way we conceive of things.
The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.

According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980)

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The concept is metaphorically structured
The activity is metaphorically structured
Consequently, the language

is metaphorically structured

According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980)

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Metaphor is not just a matter of language, that is, of

mere words.
Human thought processes are largely metaphorical.
The human conceptual system is metaphorically structured and defined.

According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980)

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The metaphorical concept is systematic
The language we use to talk about

that aspect of concept is systematic
Thus, we can use metaphorical linguistic expressions to study the nature of metaphorical concepts and to gain an understanding of the metaphorical nature of our activities.

The Systematicity of Metaphorical Concepts

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Chinese Metaphors of Thinking Yu, N. (2003: 141-165)
Thinking is Object Manipulation
思想交流
思想火花
抛在脑后
挖空心思
思想包袱
思想疙瘩
旧思想的束缚
谷子

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Acquiring Ideas is Eating
精神食粮
陈腐观念
陈糠烂谷子
馊主意
如饥似渴
囫囵吐枣
搜肠刮肚

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Thinking is Moving
思路
想到
想通
想出
想开

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Examples
门外一阵喧哗打断了她的思路。
她忽然想到一件重要的事情。
只要相通了，他就会积极地去干。
她想出一条妙计。
想开点，别生气了。
她遭人遗弃，一时想不开就自杀了。
。

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Successful thinking takes a correct direction
晕头转向
这道算题真难，把我搞得晕头转向。
拐弯
他思想一时还拐不过弯来。

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Make a turn in thinking in order to ‘get back

to the right track”
反思
反省

“Go back”
追思
追想
追溯
追还
追念
追忆
追悔

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One’s thinking can “travel” or “wander” very far and deep
深谋远虑
思深虑远
遐想
遐思
满天的繁星会引起人们无边无际的遐想。
“Hard thinking”

entails “movement”
想来想去
我想来想去还是认为自己没有错。
左思右想
她躺在床上左思右想，一夜没合眼。
前思后想

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“back and forth movement”
进退两难
左右为难
我想去看她，可是不是时候，不去吧，又不放心。真是左右为难。

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Thinking as Seeing
看
看法
我看他是个可靠的人。
你对这件事怎么看？
我们应该全面地看问题。
你们应该看清形式。
你们必须从实质上看。
他把人民的利益看得高于一切。
看穿
看透
看破
看开
看扁
看底
小看

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In the mental domain
见
见解
短见
高见
管见
偏见
浅见
远见
灼见
卓见
观
观点
观念
悲观
乐观
客观
主观
人生观
世界观
Mental activities
视
傲视
鄙视
歧视
忽视
正视
轻视
重视
珍视
望
瞻
孤

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“Turn around and look back: when recalling the past
回首
回眸
回溯
回忆
回想
回念
回思
Seeing is conceptualized

as the ‘eye light” traveling from the eyes to the target
目光短浅
目光远大
目光如炬
Farsighted or farseeing
高瞻远瞩
站得高，看得远

Light helps
明白
明亮
模糊
朦胧

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Thinking in the Heart or Mind
心事
心思
心想
心算
心口如一
心想事成
眼不见，心不烦
老心者治人，劳力者治于人

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Metaphorical concepts reflected in contemporary English
example:
TIME IS MONEY

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You’re wasting my time.
This gadget will save your hours.
I don’t have

the time to give you.
How do you spend your time these days?
That flat tire cost me an hour.
I’ve invested a lot of time in her.
I don’t have enough time to spare for that.
You’re running out of time.
You need to budget your time.
Put aside some time for ping pong.
Is that worth your while?
Do you have much time left?
He’s living on borrowed time.
You don’t use your time profitably.
I lost a lot of time when I got sick.
Thank you for your time.
(Lakoff & Johnson, 1980)

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In modern Western culture,
time is money,
time is a limited

resource,
and time is a valuable commodity.
This isn’t a necessary way for human beings to conceptualize time; it is tied to western culture.
There are cultures where time is non of these things.

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An entailment relationship
There is subcategorization within this single system.
These subcategorization relationships

characterize entailment relationships between the metaphors .
TIME IS MONEY TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE TIME IS A VALUABLE COMMODITY.

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Metaphorical entailments can characterize a coherent system of metaphorical concepts and

a corresponding coherent system of metaphorical expressions for those concepts.
e.g. TIME IS
Money -> spend, invest, budget, profitably, cost
Resources -> use, use up, have enough of, run out of
Commodities -> have, give, lose, thank you for

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Metonymy
-
Using one entity to refer to another that is related

to it.

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The primary function of Metaphor is understanding
According to Bernhard Debatin (1995:

381) the fundamental function of metaphor is that of rational anticipation that comes from three basic functions
the creative-cognitive
the normative and world-disclosing
the communicative-evocative functions
Metonymy has primarily a referential function
It allows one to use one entity to stand for another
It serves the function of providing understanding.

Functions of Metaphor and Metonymy

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Metonymy
-> THE PART FOR THE WHOLE
There are many parts that

can stand for the whole
Which part we pick out determines which aspect of the whole we are focusing on

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e.g.
We need some good heads on the projects
(good heads

= intelligent people)
head ->intelligent part of the body
The Times hasn’t arrived at the press conference yet.
(The Times = the reporter from the Times)
The Times -> the importance of the institution the reporter represents

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Metonymy
-> THE PART FOR THE WHOLE
-> THE FACE FOR THE

PERSON
She’s just a pretty face.
There are an awful lot of faces out there in the audience.
We need some new faces around here.

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Metonymies are not random or arbitrary occurrences
Metonymic concepts are also

systematic
They are instances of certain general metonymic concepts in terms of which we organize our thoughts and actions.
Metonymic concepts allow us to conceptualize one thing by means of its relation to something else

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e.g.
THE PART FOR THE WHOLE
We don’ hire longhairs.
PRODUCER FOR PRODUCT
He bought

a Ford.
OBJECT USED FOR USER
The buses are on strike
CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED
Nixon bombed Hanoi
INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE
You will never get the university to agree to that.

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Thus, like metaphors, metonymic concepts structure not just our language but

our thoughts, attitudes, and actions
Like metaphoric concepts, metonymic concepts are grounded in our experience.

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The grounding of metonymic concepts is in general more obvious than

is the case with metaphorical concepts.
It usually involves direct physical or causal association.

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How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded?
e.g.
Concepts that are understood directly

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The structure of our spatial concepts emerges from our constant spatial

experience – our interaction with the physical environment
Concepts that emerge in this way are concepts that we live by in the most fundamental way

Spatial concepts

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Every experience takes place within a vast background of cultural presuppositions.
We

experience our “world” in such a way that our culture is already present in the very experience itself.

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UP-DOWN, IN-OUT, FRONT-BACK, LIGHT-DARK, WARM-COLD, MALE-FEMALE, etc.
Such a sharply delineated conceptual

structure for space emerges from our perceptual-motor functioning

Concepts in terms of our body functions

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We typically conceptualize the nonphysical in terms of the physical –

that is, we conceptualize the less clearly delineated in terms of the more clearly delineated.

Grounding for our conceptual system

Metaphor and Metonymy

Содержание

Required readings:Yu, N. (2003). Chinese metaphors of thinking. Cognitive Linguistics, 14(2/3),

Our concepts structure what we see, how we get around the

According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980) Our conceptual system is not something

Since communication is based on the same conceptual system that we

Conceptual System - Metaphorical in NaturePrimarily on the basis of linguistic

MetaphorA metaphor is the expression of an understanding of one concept

The Concept of ARGUMENT and the Conceptual Metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR

Examples of A Verbal Battle:Your claims are indefensible.He attacked every weak

We talk about arguments that way because we conceive of them

The concept is metaphorically structuredThe activity is metaphorically structuredConsequently, the language

Metaphor is not just a matter of language, that is, of

The metaphorical concept is systematicThe language we use to talk about

Chinese Metaphors of Thinking Yu, N. (2003: 141-165)Thinking is Object Manipulation思想交流思想火花抛在脑后挖空心思思想包袱思想疙瘩旧思想的束缚谷子

Acquiring Ideas is Eating精神食粮陈腐观念陈糠烂谷子馊主意如饥似渴囫囵吐枣搜肠刮肚

Thinking is Moving思路想到想通想出想开

Examples门外一阵喧哗打断了她的思路。她忽然 想到一件重要的事情。只要相通了， 他就会积极地 去干 。她想出一条妙计。想开点，别生气了。她遭人遗弃，一时想不开就自杀了。。

Successful thinking takes a correct direction晕头转向这道算题真难，把我搞得晕头转向。拐弯他思想一时还拐不过弯来。

Make a turn in thinking in order to ‘get back

One’s thinking can “travel” or “wander” very far and deep深谋远虑思深虑远遐想遐思满天的繁星会引起人们无边无际的遐想。“Hard thinking”

“back and forth movement”进退两难左右为难我想去看她，可是不是时候，不去吧，又不放心。真是左右为难。

Thinking as Seeing看看法我 看他是个可靠的人。你对这件事怎么看？我们应该全面地看问题。你们应该看清形式。你们必须从实质上看。他把人民的利益看得高于一切。看穿看透看破看开看扁看底小看

In the mental domain 见见解短见高见管见偏见浅见远见灼见卓见观观点观念悲观乐观客观主观人生观世界观Mental activities视傲视鄙视歧视忽视正视轻视重视珍视望瞻孤

“Turn around and look back: when recalling the past回首回眸回溯回忆回想回念回思 Seeing is conceptualized

Thinking in the Heart or Mind心事心思心想心算心口如一心想事成眼不见，心不烦老心者治人，劳力者治于人

Metaphorical concepts reflected in contemporary Englishexample: TIME IS MONEY

You’re wasting my time.This gadget will save your hours.I don’t have

In modern Western culture, time is money, time is a limited

An entailment relationshipThere is subcategorization within this single system.These subcategorization relationships

Metaphorical entailments can characterize a coherent system of metaphorical concepts and

Metonymy- Using one entity to refer to another that is related

The primary function of Metaphor is understandingAccording to Bernhard Debatin (1995:

Metonymy -> THE PART FOR THE WHOLEThere are many parts that

e.g.We need some good heads on the projects (good heads

Metonymy -> THE PART FOR THE WHOLE -> THE FACE FOR THE

Metonymies are not random or arbitrary occurrences Metonymic concepts are also

e.g.THE PART FOR THE WHOLE We don’ hire longhairs.PRODUCER FOR PRODUCT He bought

Thus, like metaphors, metonymic concepts structure not just our language but

The grounding of metonymic concepts is in general more obvious than

How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded?e.g.Concepts that are understood directly

The structure of our spatial concepts emerges from our constant spatial

Every experience takes place within a vast background of cultural presuppositions.We

UP-DOWN, IN-OUT, FRONT-BACK, LIGHT-DARK, WARM-COLD, MALE-FEMALE, etc. Such a sharply delineated conceptual

We typically conceptualize the nonphysical in terms of the physical –

Похожие презентации

Required readings:
Yu, N. (2003). Chinese metaphors of thinking. Cognitive Linguistics, 14(2/3),

According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980)
Our conceptual system is not something

Conceptual System - Metaphorical in Nature
Primarily on the basis of linguistic

Metaphor
A metaphor is the expression of an understanding of one concept

The Concept of ARGUMENT
and
the Conceptual Metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR

Examples of A Verbal Battle:
Your claims are indefensible.
He attacked every weak

The concept is metaphorically structured
The activity is metaphorically structured
Consequently, the language

The metaphorical concept is systematic
The language we use to talk about

Chinese Metaphors of Thinking Yu, N. (2003: 141-165)
Thinking is Object Manipulation
思想交流
思想火花
抛在脑后
挖空心思
思想包袱
思想疙瘩
旧思想的束缚
谷子

Acquiring Ideas is Eating
精神食粮
陈腐观念
陈糠烂谷子
馊主意
如饥似渴
囫囵吐枣
搜肠刮肚

Thinking is Moving
思路
想到
想通
想出
想开

Examples
门外一阵喧哗打断了她的思路。
她忽然想到一件重要的事情。
只要相通了，他就会积极地去干。
她想出一条妙计。
想开点，别生气了。
她遭人遗弃，一时想不开就自杀了。
。

Successful thinking takes a correct direction
晕头转向
这道算题真难，把我搞得晕头转向。
拐弯
他思想一时还拐不过弯来。

One’s thinking can “travel” or “wander” very far and deep
深谋远虑
思深虑远
遐想
遐思
满天的繁星会引起人们无边无际的遐想。
“Hard thinking”

“back and forth movement”
进退两难
左右为难
我想去看她，可是不是时候，不去吧，又不放心。真是左右为难。

Thinking as Seeing
看
看法
我看他是个可靠的人。
你对这件事怎么看？
我们应该全面地看问题。
你们应该看清形式。
你们必须从实质上看。
他把人民的利益看得高于一切。
看穿
看透
看破
看开
看扁
看底
小看

In the mental domain
见
见解
短见
高见
管见
偏见
浅见
远见
灼见
卓见
观
观点
观念
悲观
乐观
客观
主观
人生观
世界观
Mental activities
视
傲视
鄙视
歧视
忽视
正视
轻视
重视
珍视
望
瞻
孤

“Turn around and look back: when recalling the past
回首
回眸
回溯
回忆
回想
回念
回思
Seeing is conceptualized

Thinking in the Heart or Mind
心事
心思
心想
心算
心口如一
心想事成
眼不见，心不烦
老心者治人，劳力者治于人

Metaphorical concepts reflected in contemporary English
example:
TIME IS MONEY

You’re wasting my time.
This gadget will save your hours.
I don’t have

In modern Western culture,
time is money,
time is a limited

An entailment relationship
There is subcategorization within this single system.
These subcategorization relationships

Metonymy
-
Using one entity to refer to another that is related

The primary function of Metaphor is understanding
According to Bernhard Debatin (1995:

Metonymy
-> THE PART FOR THE WHOLE
There are many parts that

e.g.
We need some good heads on the projects
(good heads

Metonymy
-> THE PART FOR THE WHOLE
-> THE FACE FOR THE

Metonymies are not random or arbitrary occurrences
Metonymic concepts are also

e.g.
THE PART FOR THE WHOLE
We don’ hire longhairs.
PRODUCER FOR PRODUCT
He bought

How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded?
e.g.
Concepts that are understood directly

Every experience takes place within a vast background of cultural presuppositions.
We

UP-DOWN, IN-OUT, FRONT-BACK, LIGHT-DARK, WARM-COLD, MALE-FEMALE, etc.
Such a sharply delineated conceptual