Biological Beginnings - Prenatal Development

Июль 23, 2022

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Biological Beginnings - Prenatal Development

Содержание

2. Handouts for this Chapter NY Times article- The Mysterious Tree of a Newborn’s Life
3. The basis of human development All cells in the body have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23
4. Dominant-Recessive genes Dominant gene- always exerts its effects/ it overrides the influence of the other gene
5. Prenatal development Conception- occurs when a single sperm cells fuses with an ovum (egg) in the
6. Germinal period Takes place in first 2 weeks after conception Includes creation of the zygote, cell
7. Embryonic period Occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after conception Organs start to appear Mass of
8. Some Videos Inside Pregnancy https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=inside+pregnancy+weeks+1+to+9&sm=1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sivegxcp2Bk
9. More on embryonic period Life support for embryo develops Three components: Amnion- contains clear fluid in
10. The fetal period 2 months to birth At 3 months, face, forehead, chin, etc are distinguishable
11. Trimesters Another way to divide prenatal development Germinal and embryonic period occur during the first trimester
12. Prenatal testing Ultrasound-noninvasive, rely on high frequency sound waves to detect heart beat, transformed into a
13. Infertility Can be due to the male or female Woman may not be ovulating, may be
14. Hazards to prenatal development Prescription/ non prescription drugs Psychoactive drugs Incompatible blood types Maternal diseases Maternal
15. Teratogens Any agent that can cause a birth defect Three factors related to how damaging a
16. Prescription/non prescription drugs Most harmful prescription are antibiotics, antidepressants, certain synthetic hormones, and Accutane Most harmful
17. Psychoactive drugs Caffeine- risk of fetal death if more than two cups per day Alcohol- (FAS)
18. Maternal Diet Obesity can cause still births Malnourishment can lead to malformation of fetus Lack of
19. Maternal age Adolescent mothers and over age 35 are at risk Higher mortality rate from teenage
20. Stages of Birth Occurs in three stages: Uterine contractions are 15-20 minutes, cervix begins to open.
21. Methods of childbirth Medication Natural Cesarean a. medical procedure done in higher risk situations. b. baby
22. Apgar scale Used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth.
23. Infants at risk Low birth weight- These infants weight less than 5.5 lbs.- poverty, drug use
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Слайд 2

Handouts for this Chapter
NY Times article- The Mysterious Tree of a

Newborn’s Life

Слайд 3

The basis of human development
All cells in the body have 46

chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs (except for the sperm and egg)
Mitosis- process in which cells reproduce, the
cell’s nucleus duplicates itself & the cell divides. Also, 2 new cells are formed with 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Meiosis- a cell from testes and a cell from the ovaries (egg and sperm-gametes) duplicate their chromosomes and then divide twice (4 cells are formed)
Fertilization- egg and sperm join to create a single cell (a zygote)
In the zygote- 23 unpaired chromosomes from egg and 23 from sperm combine to form one set of 23 paired chromosomes. So… each parent contributes half genetically to the offspring.
Google: Conception Picture Slideshow

Слайд 4

Dominant-Recessive genes
Dominant gene- always exerts its effects/ it overrides the influence

of the other gene
Recessive gene- only exerts its influence if the two genes of a pair are recessive.
Ex: the recessive gene for blue eyes will show in offspring if both parents have that recessive gene (or are carriers)

Слайд 5

Prenatal development
Conception- occurs when a single sperm cells fuses with an

ovum (egg) in the fallopian tube. Also called fertilization.
3 main periods:
Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal

Слайд 6

Germinal period
Takes place in first 2 weeks after conception
Includes creation of

the zygote, cell division (mitosis), and attachment to the uterine wall

Слайд 7

Embryonic period
Occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after conception
Organs start to

appear
Mass of cells is now called an embryo
Three layers of cells form:
Endoderm- inner layer which become digestive and respiratory systems
Ectoderm- outermost which become the nervous syetm, skin parts
Mesoderm- middle layer which becomes bones, muscles, circulatory system, etc.

Слайд 8

Some Videos
Inside Pregnancy
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=inside+pregnancy+weeks+1+to+9&sm=1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sivegxcp2Bk

Слайд 9

More on embryonic period
Life support for embryo develops
Three components:
Amnion- contains clear

fluid in which embryo floats (shock proof)
Umbilical cord- contains two arteries and vein and connects baby to placenta
Placenta- group of tissues which pass along nutrients, oxygen, water to fetus.

Слайд 10

The fetal period
2 months to birth
At 3 months, face, forehead, chin,

etc are distinguishable
By 5th month-mother can feel movement, can distinguish sex organs
By end of 7th month-fetus weighs approx 3 lbs and is considered viable.
During 8th and 9 month- fatty tissue develops, kidney, heart and lungs develop further.

Слайд 11

Trimesters
Another way to divide prenatal development
Germinal and embryonic period occur during

the first trimester
Viability occurs at the beginning of third trimester
Developing baby is more susceptible to toxins during first trimester.

Слайд 12

Prenatal testing
Ultrasound-noninvasive, rely on high frequency sound waves to detect heart

beat, transformed into a visual representation of inner structures (can detect structural abnormalities)
Amniocentesis- between 15th and 18th week of pregnancy, a sample of amniotic fluid is taken and tested for disorders (chromosome & metabolic)/ can bring 1 in 200 miscarraiges
Blood screening- during 16th-18th week, can detect spina bifida and down syndrome

Слайд 13

Infertility
Can be due to the male or female
Woman may not be

ovulating, may be producing damaged eggs, fallopian tube may be blocked
Men may produce too few sperm or they may have mobility issues
Hormone treatment could be helpful or IVF

Слайд 14

Hazards to prenatal development
Prescription/ non prescription drugs
Psychoactive drugs
Incompatible blood types
Maternal diseases
Maternal

poor nutrition
Maternal age
Envirnonmental factors
Paternal factors

Слайд 15

Teratogens
Any agent that can cause a birth defect
Three factors related to

how damaging a teratogen can be:
Dose-the greater the dose, the more damage
Time of exposure-embryonic period is most vulnerable (when organs are being formed).
Genetic susceptibility- linked to genetic make up of mother and baby.

Слайд 16

Prescription/non prescription drugs
Most harmful prescription are antibiotics, antidepressants, certain synthetic hormones,

and Accutane
Most harmful non-prescription- aspirin and diet pills
Let’s watch Video on Thalidomide- http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/23/booming/the-death-and-afterlife-of-thalidomide.html?action=click&module=Search®ion=searchResults%230&version=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fsearch%2Fsitesearch%2F%3Faction%3Dclick%26region%3DMasthead%26pgtype%3DHomepage%26module%3DSearchSubmit%26contentCollection%3DHomepage%26t%3Dqry743%23%2Feffects+of+thalidomide&_r=1

Слайд 17

Psychoactive drugs
Caffeine- risk of fetal death if more than two cups

per day
Alcohol- (FAS)
Nicotine- preterm births and low birth weight, SIDS
Cocaine- (reduced birth weight and length, higher excitability, slower reflexes, learning disabilities)
Marijuana- related to deficits in memory & information processing
Methamphetamine- (speeds up nervous system, high infant mortality)
Heroin- babies are born addicted, tremors, irritability

Слайд 18

Maternal Diet
Obesity can cause still births
Malnourishment can lead to malformation of

fetus
Lack of folic acid-can be related to spina bifida
Eating fish (ex; sushi)-can have toxins, mercury which easily goes across the placenta and can lead to nervous system problems

Слайд 19

Maternal age
Adolescent mothers and over age 35 are at risk
Higher mortality

rate from teenage mothers-due to immaturity of reproductive system, own health care and education.
Women over age 35-run risk of down syndrome child

Слайд 20

Stages of Birth
Occurs in three stages:
Uterine contractions are 15-20 minutes, cervix

begins to open. (longest stage)
baby starts to enter the birth canal, contractions are more rapid and intense,
Afterbirth- placenta, umbillical cord are detached.
Let’s watch A Walk to the Beautiful- PBS NOVA documentaryhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/a-walk-to-beautiful.html

Слайд 21

Methods of childbirth
Medication
Natural
Cesarean
a. medical procedure done in higher risk situations.
b.

baby is breech (buttocks are first to emerge)
C. when baby’s head is too large, baby is lying crossways

Слайд 22

Apgar scale
Used to assess the health of newborns at one and

five minutes after birth.
Evaluates things such as the following: breathing effort, heart rate, body color
Newborns are given a score for each area (either a 0,1, or 2)
It identifies high risk infants

Слайд 23

Infants at risk
Low birth weight- These infants weight less than 5.5

lbs.- poverty, drug use can cause this.
Preterm infants- those born three weeks or more before pregnancy reached full term (38 weeks typically full term), can be due to increased maternal age, increased stress, mother’s illness, etc.

Biological Beginnings - Prenatal Development

Содержание

Handouts for this ChapterNY Times article- The Mysterious Tree of a

The basis of human developmentAll cells in the body have 46

Dominant-Recessive genesDominant gene- always exerts its effects/ it overrides the influence

Prenatal developmentConception- occurs when a single sperm cells fuses with an

Germinal periodTakes place in first 2 weeks after conceptionIncludes creation of

Embryonic periodOccurs from 2 to 8 weeks after conceptionOrgans start to

Some VideosInside Pregnancyhttps://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=inside+pregnancy+weeks+1+to+9&sm=1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sivegxcp2Bk

More on embryonic periodLife support for embryo developsThree components:Amnion- contains clear

The fetal period2 months to birthAt 3 months, face, forehead, chin,

TrimestersAnother way to divide prenatal developmentGerminal and embryonic period occur during

Prenatal testingUltrasound-noninvasive, rely on high frequency sound waves to detect heart

InfertilityCan be due to the male or femaleWoman may not be

Hazards to prenatal developmentPrescription/ non prescription drugsPsychoactive drugsIncompatible blood typesMaternal diseasesMaternal

TeratogensAny agent that can cause a birth defectThree factors related to

Prescription/non prescription drugsMost harmful prescription are antibiotics, antidepressants, certain synthetic hormones,

Psychoactive drugsCaffeine- risk of fetal death if more than two cups

Maternal DietObesity can cause still birthsMalnourishment can lead to malformation of

Maternal ageAdolescent mothers and over age 35 are at riskHigher mortality

Stages of BirthOccurs in three stages:Uterine contractions are 15-20 minutes, cervix

Methods of childbirthMedicationNaturalCesarean a. medical procedure done in higher risk situations. b.

Apgar scaleUsed to assess the health of newborns at one and

Infants at riskLow birth weight- These infants weight less than 5.5

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