Immunoprophylaxic of infectious diseases

Август 1, 2022

Главная
Медицина
Immunoprophylaxic of infectious diseases

Содержание

2. Plan of lecture The characteristic of vaccine preparations The ways of introduction of vaccines The conditions
3. In 1798 Jenner began the development of vaccinal prevention. He has named the method of an
4. The characteristic of vaccine preparations The following types of vaccines are known: alive (attenuated), killed (inactivated),
5. Alive or attenuated vaccines Attenuated are the vaccines weakened in virulence. Among them are vaccines against
6. Killed or inactivated vaccines: They are used against whooping-cough, poliomyelitis Solk, cholera, tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis,
7. The chemical vaccines. The chemical vaccines are the antigenes taken from microbic cultures. For example, the
8. The anatoxines (toxoids) The anatoxines (toxoids) contain inactivated toxin which is produced by a microbe. For
9. The recombinant vaccines The recombinant vaccines are the new type of vaccines. They are created with
10. The monovaccines are intended for immunization against one infectious disease (for example, against tularemia); The bivaccines
11. The polyvalent vaccines The polyvalent vaccines - preparations are intended for immunization against one infection, but
12. The adsorbed vaccines The adsorbed vaccines are the vaccines adsorbeded on mineral colloids (as a rule
13. The structure of vaccines includes except antigens the stabilizers and antibiotics which are necessary or for
14. Some vaccines contain traces of antibiotics (as a rule aminoglycosides): canamycin, neomycin (for example, vaccines against
15. The ways of introduction of vaccines The ways of introduction of vaccines can be as follows:
16. The ways of introduction of vaccines Vaccines are hypodermically introduced against measles, rubella, mumps, whooping-cough, diphtheria,
17. The conditions of carrying out of inoculations The introduction of a vaccine is accompanied by immunologic
18. The conditions of carrying out of inoculations 1. It is impossible to inoculate the child who
19. The conditions of carrying out of inoculations 2. The scheduled inoculations are cancelled during epidemic of
20. The conditions of carrying out of inoculations 3. Children who are frequently were ill with sharp
21. The conditions of carrying out of inoculations 5. The introduction of alive vaccines is contra-indicated for
22. The conditions of carrying out of inoculations 7. The immunization of children with allergic aggravated anamnesis
23. Before the vaccination of children with allergic reaction to previous vaccination, it is necessary determine a
24. The index of lysis of leukocytes 0,11-0,19 - there is a weak degree of a sensitization
25. The index of lysis of leukocytes - 0,3 and more - there is a high degree
26. For example, you receive the following results – the index of lysis of leukocytes to components
27. 8. The inoculations are contra-indicated in case of anemia if the content of hemoglobin is 80
28. The inoculations against infectious diseases are carried out according to the schedule and according to epidemic
29. The epidemic indications for inoculation. If in a collective patients have been revealed, for example, the
30. The epidemic indications for inoculation. Necessity of vaccination of people against tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis arises in
31. The vaccinal prevention of a tuberculosis. The antitubercular vaccine was created by French scientists Calmette and
32. The vaccinal prevention of a tuberculosis. The children of 7 and 14 years old which are
33. Vaccination against a whooping-cough, diphtheria, tetanus. Against a whooping-cough, diphtheria and tetanus children are immunizated adsorbed
34. Vaccination against a whooping-cough, diphtheria, tetanus. The first revaccination against whooping-cough, diphtheria and a tetanus is
35. Vaccination against a poliomyelitis There are vaccines against a poliomyelitis: inactivated vaccine Solk, alive vaccine Sabin.
36. Vaccination against a poliomyelitis Live poliomyelitis vaccine is areactogena. There is a contraindication for given it
37. Vaccination against a HIb-infection The vaccination against a HIb-infection is combined with introduction inactivated vaccine against
38. Vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella In the advanced countries vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella is given
39. Vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella At 10-15 % of vaccinated children with 4 up to 14
41. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

Plan of lecture
The characteristic of vaccine preparations
The ways of introduction of

vaccines
The conditions of carrying out of inoculations
The vaccinal prevention of a tuberculosis
Vaccination against a whooping-cough, diphtheria, tetanus
Vaccination against a HIb-infection
Vaccination against a HIb-infection

Слайд 3

In 1798 Jenner began the development of vaccinal prevention. He has

named the method of an inoculation vaccination, and a material taken from the cow pockmark - a vaccine. In 1880 Lui Pasteur creates the doctrine about the protective inoculations. He establishes an possibility of artificial weakening of virulence pathogenic microbes.

Слайд 4

The characteristic of vaccine preparations
The following types of vaccines are known:

alive (attenuated),
killed (inactivated),
chemical,
recombinant,
anatoxin (toxoids),
monovaccines,
associated vaccines,
polyvalent,
adsorbed.

Слайд 5

Alive or attenuated vaccines
Attenuated are the vaccines weakened in virulence. Among

them are vaccines against a tuberculosis, measels, rubella, mumps, poliomyelitis vaccine Sabin, brucellosis, yellow fever, tularemia, plague, typhoid. The main value of alive vaccines is their high immunogenicity. Simple introduction is enough to form immunity for some years.
For example, after introduction of a vaccine against tularemia, a yellow fever, immunity is kept not less than 10 years.

Слайд 6

Killed or inactivated vaccines:
They are used against whooping-cough, poliomyelitis Solk, cholera,

tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, rabies. The advantage of killed vaccines is simplicity of their manufacturing and the big stability at storage. Imperfection of inactivated vaccines is a weak immunogenicity and necessity of repeated introductions.
For example, a cholera vaccine is introdused twice, against whooping-cough it is three times etc. After the introduction of inactivated vaccines it is formed short immunity.
For example, after vaccination against a cholera immunity is kept till 6 months or 1 year.

Слайд 7

The chemical vaccines.
The chemical vaccines are the antigenes taken from microbic

cultures.
For example, the vaccines against meningococcal infection type A and C vaccine (immunity for 4 years), abdominal typhoid (from Vi-antigen), cholera bivalent chemical vaccine, containing serotypes Inaba and Ogava.

Слайд 8

The anatoxines (toxoids)
The anatoxines (toxoids) contain inactivated toxin which is produced

by a microbe.
For example, diphtheritic, tetanic anatoxins. After the introduction of toxoids the antitoxic immunity is formed.

Слайд 9

The recombinant vaccines
The recombinant vaccines are the new type of vaccines.

They are created with the use of molecular biology and biotechnology.
The vaccines against a viral hepatitis B and a influenza are related to recombinant.

Слайд 10

The monovaccines are intended for immunization against one infectious disease (for

example, against tularemia);
The bivaccines are intended for immunization against two illnesses (for example, against an abdominal typhoid and paratyphoid В);
The associated vaccines are intended for immunization against several illnesses (for example, against whooping-cough, diphtheria, tetanus, which structure includes an antigens of whooping-cough microbe, tetanic and diphtheritic toxoids;

Слайд 11

The polyvalent vaccines
The polyvalent vaccines - preparations are intended for immunization

against one infection, but includes some serologic types (for example, polyvalent vaccines against a poliomyelitis, a influenza, leptospirosis);

Слайд 12

The adsorbed vaccines
The adsorbed vaccines are the vaccines adsorbeded on mineral

colloids (as a rule on gel hydroxide aluminium), with the purpose of immunogenisity increase. The use of adsorbed vaccines increases the period of influence of antigenes on an vaccinated organism.
For example, the vaccine against whooping-cough, diphtheria, tetanus. Antigens of whooping-cough microbe, tetanic and diphtheritic toxoids are related to absorbed on gel hydroxide aluminium.

Слайд 13

The structure of vaccines includes except antigens the stabilizers and antibiotics

which are necessary or for prevention of bacterial growth, or for stabilization of immunazing antigene.
As the stabilizer can be used formaldehyde or phenol (for example, inactivated vaccine against poliomyelitis, influenza, against Japanese encephalitis). As the stabilizer is more often used.

Слайд 14

Some vaccines contain traces of antibiotics (as a rule aminoglycosides): canamycin,

neomycin (for example, vaccines against measles, rubella, mumps, poliomyelitis, rabies, a vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis).
It is necessary to know, that in persons sensitive to one of these components allergic reactions are possible. Some vaccines contain egg fiber. For example, egg fiber contains in a vaccine against measles, rubella, mumps, typhoid, yellow and Q-fevers. In people with the increased sensitivity to these components (to preservatives, stabilizers, antibiotics, egg fiber), heavy allergic complications after introduction of such vaccines can develop.

Слайд 15

The ways of introduction of vaccines
The ways of introduction of vaccines

can be as follows: intronasal, peroral, epicutaneously, intracutaneously, hypodermically and intramuscularly. For example, the inactivated influenza vaccine is introduced intranazal; alive poliomyelitis vaccine Sabin and cholera bivalent chemical in the form of tablets are given peroraly. The alive vaccines against a plague, tularemia, Siberian ulcer, brucellosis and Q-fever are introduced epicutaneously. The antitubercular vaccine can be given only intracutaneously.

Слайд 16

The ways of introduction of vaccines
Vaccines are hypodermically introduced against measles,

rubella, mumps, whooping-cough, diphtheria, tetanus, yellow fever. The vaccine against a viral hepatitis B is introduced intramuscularly. Some vaccines can be introdused both hypodermically, and intramuscularly - for example, the vaccine against whooping-cough, diphtheria, tetanus.

Слайд 17

The conditions of carrying out of inoculations
The introduction of a vaccine

is accompanied by immunologic changes in an organism of the person. Besides the formation of antibodies, the development of postvaccinated reactions and complications is possible. The postvaccination reactions are short-term also do not cause serious changes. The postvaccination complications can be caused by the vaccine itself, connection of intercurrent infections and an acute of chronic diseases. Therefore vaccination is carried out only to healthy children and adults.

Слайд 18

The conditions of carrying out of inoculations
1. It is impossible to

inoculate the child who had contact with infectious patients. It is necessary to postpone the inoculation for the term equal to the maximal incubation period. For example, the child contacted with a patient with mumps on the 1 February. It is possible to inoculate him not earlier than 23 February (if the child will not ill for this period).

Слайд 19

The conditions of carrying out of inoculations
2. The scheduled inoculations are

cancelled during epidemic of any infection, for example, during epidemic of an influenza.

Слайд 20

The conditions of carrying out of inoculations
3. Children who are frequently

were ill with sharp respiratory virus infections, it is better to inoculate them in a warm season and to recommend such children the isolation at home for 3-5 days. It is necessary to carry out vaccination not earlier than in 2-4 weeks after recovery.
4. If a child receives course of treatment by glucocorticoids or cytostatics vaccination can be carried out not earlier than in 6 months after a cancellation of treatment.

Слайд 21

The conditions of carrying out of inoculations
5. The introduction of alive

vaccines is contra-indicated for people with primary immunodeficiencies of a cellular link of the immunity, the combined immunodeficiencies.
6. It is recommended to do the scheduled vaccination in 6 months for the convalescents from a viral hepatitis A. It is recommended to do the scheduled vaccination in 12 months for the convalescents from a viral hepatitis B and C.

Слайд 22

The conditions of carrying out of inoculations
7. The immunization of children

with allergic aggravated anamnesis is carried out on a background of observance of hypoallergic diets. To the persons having anaphylactic reactions to egg fiber or antibiotics, introduction of vaccines against measles, rubella, mumps is contra-indicated.

Слайд 23

Before the vaccination of children with allergic reaction to previous vaccination,

it is necessary determine a degree of a sensitization to introdused antigenes. The most accessible is the reaction immunoleucolyses (reaction of inhibition of leukocytes migration). With the help of reactions it is possible to estimate possible damaging action of immunopreparation. The index of lysis of leukocytes 0-0,1 - the sensitization to given vaccinal strain is absent, it is possible to introduce a vaccine.

Слайд 24

The index of lysis of leukocytes 0,11-0,19 - there is a

weak degree of a sensitization (it is possible to vaccinate on a background of desensitizing therapy. 3 days prior to an inoculation and 7 days after it appoint the antihistaminic preparations are prescribed). The index of lysis of leukocytes 0,2-0,29 there is a moderate degree of a sensitization. It is necessary carry out a course of desensitizity therapy. At the begining then carry out the repeated laboratory examination and it is possible to inoculate only under condition of normalization of index of a sensitization at 0-0,19.

Слайд 25

The index of lysis of leukocytes - 0,3 and more -

there is a high degree of a sensitization to the data vaccinal strains. The inoculations are contra-indicated within 6 months and it is possible only after desensitizing therapy and repeated laboratory examination under the condition of normalization of index of a sensitization.

Слайд 26

For example, you receive the following results – the index of

lysis of leukocytes to components the vaccine against whooping-cough, diphtheria, tetanus: an index of a sensitization of an organism to whooping-cough antigene 0,35, to diphtheritic - 0,1, tetanic - 0,05. In this case it is necessary for you to carry out revaccination only the vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, to exclude a whooping-couph component in connection with a high sensitization to it the given child.

Слайд 27

8. The inoculations are contra-indicated in case of anemia if the

content of hemoglobin is 80 g/l and lower.
9. The introduction of alive vaccines is contra-indicated for pregnant women. The inactivated vaccines and toxoids can be introduced to pregnant women only at the big risk of infection.
10. The immunization of children with a neurologic pathology should be carried out after the consultation with the neuropathologist and additional researches. Vaccination is carried out during staple remission, on the background of sedative and anticonvulsive therapy.

Слайд 28

The inoculations against infectious diseases are carried out according to the

schedule and according to epidemic indications.
The list of scheduled inoculations and the terms of carrying out are determined Ministry of Health. The vaccination against tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, whooping-cough, diphtheria, tetanus, rubella, mumps, measles, viral hepatitis B, HIb-infections is carried out in Ukraine according to a schedule.

Слайд 29

The epidemic indications for inoculation.
If in a collective patients have

been revealed, for example, the diphtheria, poliomyelitis and other infectious diseases and it is danger of infection of associates.
The certain professional groups of the population are vaccinated. For example, immunisation against brucellosus and the Siberian ulcer of workers of cattle-breeding farms if disease among animals has appeared. The persons working with sick animals, should be preliminary vaccinated.

Слайд 30

The epidemic indications for inoculation.
Necessity of vaccination of people against tularemia,

tick-borne encephalitis arises in territory of the natural centers.
It is necessary to inoculate some professional groups of residents disease. For example, the immunization against a yellow fever is carried out to people leaving to the countries, having focus of this infection.

Слайд 31

The vaccinal prevention of a tuberculosis.
The antitubercular vaccine was created

by French scientists Calmette and Guerin in 1921. In honour of authors the weakened microbes have been named bacteria Calmette and Guerin. BCG – is attenuated vaccine. The vaccination against a tuberculosis is carried out unitary intradermal on the 3-5 day of child’s life. The immunity develops approximately in 2 months after vaccination. The specific postvaccinal reaction develops in 4-6 weeks after vaccination. On a place of introduction appears infiltrate up to 8 mm with a small nodule in the center. Further on a place of papule the crust or a peeling are formed. The redevelopment of infiltrate appears in 5-6 months after vaccination.

Слайд 32

The vaccinal prevention of a tuberculosis.
The children of 7 and 14

years old which are not infected with bacteria of a tuberculosis (with negative Mantu reaction) are subjected.
The complications after BCG vaccination are registered rare (0,003-0,02 % of cases).
At breaking of technics of vaccination or wrong selection of children for revaccination, complications may be as follows education of not healing ulcers in diameter more than 1 sm, cold abscesses, regional lymphadenitis.

Слайд 33

Vaccination against a whooping-cough, diphtheria, tetanus.
Against a whooping-cough, diphtheria and

tetanus children are immunizated adsorbed whooping-cough vaccine (inactivated) diphtheria (anatoxin), tetanic (anatoxin). The vaccine is given hypodermically. The vaccination is carried out from 3 month of age three times with an interval of a month. Some children may have local and general reactions after vaccination within first 2 days after an inoculation. The local reaction is manifested by edema, hyperemia, infiltration to 2 sm. The general reaction is characterized by rise of the temperature in the range 1-2 days up to 37,5°С. All other kinds of reaction concern to pathological course of vaccination process.

Слайд 34

Vaccination against a whooping-cough, diphtheria, tetanus.
The first revaccination against whooping-cough, diphtheria

and a tetanus is given in 18 months. The subsequent revaccinations are given only against a diphtheria and a tetanus (anatoxin) in the age of 6, 11, 14, 18 years. The subsequent revaccination are given each 10 years. The revaccination are given unitary.

Слайд 35

Vaccination against a poliomyelitis
There are vaccines against a poliomyelitis: inactivated vaccine

Solk, alive vaccine Sabin. Polyvalent vaccines against a poliomyelitis contain three types of virus I, П, III. The inactivated the vaccine is given hypodermically or intramuscularly. The alive vaccine is issued as a liquid preparation and is given per os. The vaccination against a poliomyelitis is combined with vaccination against a whooping-cough, diphtheria and tetanus. Revaccination is given in 18 months, 3 years, 6 years, 14 years.

Слайд 36

Vaccination against a poliomyelitis
Live poliomyelitis vaccine is areactogena.
There is a

contraindication for given it for children with primary immunodeficiency (may be the development of associated vaccination poliomyelitis connected with reversion of vaccinal strain of a virus).
Vaccination with oral poliomyelitis vaccine, as a rule, does not cause reactions after vaccination and complications. Children within 2-3 days may have more intestinal discharges without changing of the general condition.

Слайд 37

Vaccination against a HIb-infection
The vaccination against a HIb-infection is combined with

introduction inactivated vaccine against a whooping-cough, diphtheria and tetanus. Vaccination is given from 3 month three times with an interval of 1 month. The revaccination is given in 18 months.

Слайд 38

Vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella
In the advanced countries vaccination against measles,

mumps, rubella is given in the age of 12 months. A vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella are alive, contains traces of antibiotics and egg. The vaccine is given hypodermically. The revaccination against measles, mumps is given in the age of 6 years. In the age of 15 years revaccination is given against rubella to girls and revaccination against mumps to boys.

Слайд 39

Vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella
At 10-15 % of vaccinated children with

4 up to 14 day postvaccination reactions may development: rise of a body temperature, cough, conjunctivitis, rash. The reaction lasts for 2-3 days.
Complications after vaccination are seldom. In children with the aggravated allergic anamnesis at the first hours or days after vaccination may have allergic reactions.

Immunoprophylaxic of infectious diseases

Содержание

Plan of lectureThe characteristic of vaccine preparationsThe ways of introduction of

In 1798 Jenner began the development of vaccinal prevention. He has

The characteristic of vaccine preparationsThe following types of vaccines are known:

Alive or attenuated vaccinesAttenuated are the vaccines weakened in virulence. Among

Killed or inactivated vaccines:They are used against whooping-cough, poliomyelitis Solk, cholera,

The chemical vaccines.The chemical vaccines are the antigenes taken from microbic

The anatoxines (toxoids)The anatoxines (toxoids) contain inactivated toxin which is produced

The recombinant vaccinesThe recombinant vaccines are the new type of vaccines.

The monovaccines are intended for immunization against one infectious disease (for

The polyvalent vaccinesThe polyvalent vaccines - preparations are intended for immunization

The adsorbed vaccinesThe adsorbed vaccines are the vaccines adsorbeded on mineral

The structure of vaccines includes except antigens the stabilizers and antibiotics

Some vaccines contain traces of antibiotics (as a rule aminoglycosides): canamycin,

The ways of introduction of vaccinesThe ways of introduction of vaccines

The ways of introduction of vaccinesVaccines are hypodermically introduced against measles,

The conditions of carrying out of inoculationsThe introduction of a vaccine

The conditions of carrying out of inoculations1. It is impossible to

The conditions of carrying out of inoculations2. The scheduled inoculations are

The conditions of carrying out of inoculations3. Children who are frequently

The conditions of carrying out of inoculations5. The introduction of alive

The conditions of carrying out of inoculations7. The immunization of children