Pathology of the form and structure of the teeth Direct and indirect speech

of the developing teeth. In some instances only the gross appearance of the tooth is affected, the structure remaining normal; in others the structure itself is changed, or both form and structure may be involved.
Abnormalities of anatomical form and histological structure include multiple teeth, hyperplasia or overdevelopment, and hypoplasia or underdevelopment of the entire tooth, and hypoplasia of part of the tooth, the crown or root/
. However, hereditary defects, congenitally transmitted diseases, malnutrition, and diseases affecting the mother during gestation may have their effects on the deciduous teeth.

may distinguish gemination, fusion, concrescence, and dens in dente. Gemination produces two teeth from one enamel organ; fusion implies that two teeth forming from separate enamel organs have been made into one; while in concrescence separately formed teeth are united later by abnormal development of cementum.

called “megadontism”. It affects all the teeth in the arch equally and is usually proportional to the development of the skeleton. However, in the case of very large teeth in a small person we have what is spoken of as disproportional dental gigantism or megadontism. A third type of hyperplasia is that which affects only individual teeth, leaving the rest of normal size.

that may affect both the deciduous and permanent dentitions. It is not easy to classify dystrophiesof the teeth. An etiologic classification cannot be carried through consistently, as the knowledge of the effects on the tooth development of many of the diseases that occur during childhood is still more or less beclouded. Sometimes the disturbance is not visible until years later when the tooth erupts, which makes it difficult to evaluate cause and effect

of confusion for English learners. Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.
You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:
by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)
by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech)

we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation.
EXAMPLES
She says, "What time will you be at dentist?"
She said, "What time will you be at dentist?" and I said, "I don't know! "
"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
John said, "There's a dentist clinic outside the window."

the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.
She said, "I saw dentist." (direct speech) = She said that she had seen dentist. (indirect speech)
'That' may be omitted: She told him that she was happy without tooth ache. = She told him she was happy without tooth ache.

that he had hyperplasia.
Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object): He told me that he had hyperplasia.
'TALK' AND 'SPEAK'
Use these verbs to describe the action of communicating: He talked to us. She was speaking on the telephone with dentist.
Use these verbs with 'about' to refer to what was said: He talked (to us) about his tooth ache.