Physiology of blood. Erythrocytes.Respiratory pigments. Blood types

Июль 23, 2022

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Physiology of blood. Erythrocytes.Respiratory pigments. Blood types

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2. Blood system Blood system firstly was proposed by Lung in 1936. It consist of - blood
3. Blood Blood is a fluid connective tissue. Blood consist of - plasma - blood cells –
4. plasma erythrocytes Leucocytes and platelets
6. Amount of blood The amount of blood in the body has been measured in various ways.
7. Plasma Water – 90 % Solids – 10 % Inorganic chemicals: sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chloride,
8. Proteins One liter of plasma has 65-85 gram of proteins. Concentration of albumins is 35-50 g/L;
9. Albumins Albumins: on 80 % it provides oncotic pressure, contacts with bilirubin, fat acids, antibiotics, sulfanilamids.
10. Globulins Globulins produces in lymphatic nodes, in liver, in bone marrow in average quantity of 5
11. Fibrinogen Fibrinogen is a protein which are produced by liver and take place in hemostasis system.
12. Quantity of cells, their changing Erythrocytes (In men – 4,0-5,1 Tera/L; in women – 3,7-4,7 Tera/L.
15. Erythrocytes
16. Erythrocytes
19. Functions of blood 1. Breathing function of blood. 2. Trophic function of blood. 3. Excretory function
23. Respiratory pigments Hemoglobin Erythrocytes derive their colour from a complex protein called hemoglobin. This substance is
25. Respiratory pigments Myoglobin Hem is also part of the structure of myoglobin, an oxygen-binding pigment found
26. Exchange of iron in the organism In the blood-destroying organs, the hemoglobin breaks down into an
30. Hematocrit
31. ESS
32. Blood types Blood types is the common of normal antigens signs, which are combined on immunologic
34. Erythrocytes blood types In the membrane of erythrocytes present agglutinogens (H, A, B) In plasma present
35. Antigens and antibodies of AB0 system Antigens Antibodies I group H alpha, beta II group A
36. Attention! Each of us has individual blood type! Now in practice is present 2 system АВ0
37. System АВ0 0(І)αβ ; А(ІІ)β ; В(ІІІ)α; АВ(ІV).
44. System СDЕ (rhesus). There are 6 main аntigens of rhesus system. System Fisher-Race. According to that
48. Leukocytes blood types 1. Common antigens of leukocytes (HLA system) 2. Antigens of granulocytes. 3. Antigens
49. Serum blood types There are more than 20 immunoglobulin blood cells, albumin and globulin blood types
50. Transfusion of blood We must transfused only blood of one groop with recipient!!! Before the transfusion
52. Physiological effects of blood, which was transfused 1. stimulative 2. hemopoietic 3. immunologic 4. nutritive
53. Group of hem transfusion solution 1. Haemo dynamic. 2. Detoxycative. 3. Paranteral nutrition. 4. Regulation of
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Blood system
Blood system firstly was proposed by Lung in 1936.
It

consist of
- blood circulated through the blood circulatory system
- blood forming organs
- blood destroying organs
- regulatory apparatus.

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Blood
Blood is a fluid connective tissue. Blood consist of
- plasma

- blood cells – erythrocytes,
leucocytes and
platelets.

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plasma
erythrocytes
Leucocytes and platelets

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Amount of blood
The amount of blood in the body has been

measured in various ways. Naturally the volume of blood can be expected to vary with the size of the body. The blood volume of an adult human of average size is about 6-8 % (in man – 52-83 mL/kg; woman – 50-75 mL/kg).

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Plasma
Water – 90 %
Solids – 10 %
Inorganic chemicals: sodium, calcium,

potassium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate – 0,9 %
Organic chemicals:
Proteins: serum albumin, serum globulin, fibrinogen – 8 %
Others: – 1,1 %
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances: urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, ammonium salts, amino acids
Nonnitrogenous substances: glucose, fats, cholesterol hormones
Gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

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Proteins
One liter of plasma has 65-85 gram of proteins.
Concentration of

albumins is 35-50 g/L; globulins is alpha-1-globulins – 1-4 g/L,
alpha-2-globulins – 4-8 g/L,
beta-globulins – 6-12 g/L,
gamma-globulins – 8-16 g/L;
fibrinogen – 2-4 g/L.
Plasma which are not contain fibrinogen called serum (it is necessary for understanding the immunology, therapy etc.)

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Albumins
Albumins: on 80 % it provides oncotic pressure, contacts with bilirubin,

fat acids, antibiotics, sulfanilamids. It connects with them and transports them. It produces in liver in average quantity of 17 gram per day.

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Globulins
Globulins produces in lymphatic nodes, in liver, in bone marrow in

average quantity of 5 gram per day.
Alpha-1-globulins connected with carbohydrates (for example 2/3 of all glucose connected with alpha-1-globulins. This is glyco proteins.)
Alpha-2-globulins connect 90 % of cupper. This is cerruloplasmin. Its may produced in hormons, for example, thyroxin, connected by vitamin B12. From this protein produce angiotensines (substances which are take place in increase of blood pressure).
Beta-globulin carry out 75 % of fats, iron (for example, transferrine).
Gamma-globulins has protective functions (for example, antibodies).

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Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen is a protein which are produced by liver and take

place in hemostasis system. Fibrinogen is dissolved form, which transform in insolved form – fibrin and provide coagulative hemostasis (plug production) and prevent bleeding.
Daily production of fibrinogen is 2-4 g/L.

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Quantity of cells, their changing
Erythrocytes (In men – 4,0-5,1 Tera/L; in

women – 3,7-4,7 Tera/L. The quantity of erythrocytes may be increase – in pregnancy, in physical training, mental work, in newborn or decrease.)
Leukocytes (4-9 Giga/L. The number of leukocytes can increase – physical work, emotional load, in newborn, inflammation or decrease.)
Platelates (180-320 Giga/L.)

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Erythrocytes

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Erythrocytes

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Functions of blood
1. Breathing function of blood.
2. Trophic function of blood.

3. Excretory function of blood.
4. Hormonal regulation.
6. Temperature regulation.
7. Maintaining the acid-base balance of tissues.
8. Supporting the water-electrolytic balance.
9. Homeostasis function.
10. Protecting the body from bacteria and other organisms that can cause diseases or other abnormal conditions.

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Respiratory pigments
Hemoglobin Erythrocytes derive their colour from a complex protein called

hemoglobin. This substance is composed of a pigment, heme, containing iron, and the protein glohin. Hemoglobin has the power to attract oxygen molecules and to hold them in a loose chemical combination known as oxyhemoglobin. It is said, therefore, to have a chemical affinity for oxygen.

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Respiratory pigments
Myoglobin Hem is also part of the structure of myoglobin, an

oxygen-binding pigment found in red (slow) muscles and in the respiratory enzyme cytochrome c. Porphyrins other than that found in hem play a role in the pathogenesis of a number of metabolic diseases (congenital and acquired porphyria, etc.) It may be the reserve pigments, which give the tissue oxygen in a small oxygen condition.

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Exchange of iron in the organism
In the blood-destroying organs, the hemoglobin

breaks down into an iron-free and the iron-bearing portions. The latter is decomposed into bilirubin and an iron compound. Both are carried to the liver, where the bilirubin is excreted in the bile as one of the bile pigments, while the iron, if not needed for the formation of new red blood cells, is stored. Other way entering of iron is the food. Erythrocytes can live only a limited time. The life of red blood cells are nearly 120 days. Blood cells are lost by the processes of hemolysis and fragmentation, which occur throughout the circulatory system, and phagocytosis of whole cells and cell fragments, which takes place in the cells of the reticuloendothelian tissues, especially those in the spleen, the liver, and the bone marrow.

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Hematocrit

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ESS

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Blood types
Blood types is the common of normal antigens signs, which

are combined on immunologic and genetic bases
There are erythrocytes
leukocytes and
serum blood types

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Erythrocytes blood types
In the membrane of erythrocytes present agglutinogens (H, A,

B)
In plasma present agglutinins (alpha, beta)

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Antigens and antibodies of AB0 system
Antigens Antibodies
I group H

alpha, beta
II group A beta
III group B alpha
IV group AB -

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Attention!
Each of us has individual blood type!
Now in practice is

present 2 system АВ0 і СDЕ.

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System АВ0
0(І)αβ ;
А(ІІ)β ;
В(ІІІ)α;
АВ(ІV).

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System СDЕ (rhesus).
There are 6 main аntigens of rhesus system.
System

Fisher-Race. According to that system there are such antigens: D, C, E; d, c, e.
In USA present Winner system: Rho; rh'; rh"; Hro; hr'; hr".
Rho(D); rh'(C); rh"(E); Hro(d); hr'(c); hr"(e).
Аntigen Rho(D) – the main аntigen of rhesus system. . D is by far the most antigenic, and the term "Rh-positive" as it is generally used means that the individual has agglutinogen D.

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