Design of public spaces

a combination of cutting-edge technologies and natural forms. Buildings in the "bio-tech" style borrow forms from living and inanimate nature. Bio-tech, or otherwise bionics, in practice appeared relatively recently, 20-30 years ago. The pioneers of this direction were Norman foster, fry Otto, Nicholas Grimshaw and, of course, Santiago Calatrava.

Until recently, the main urban planning strategies covered all aspects of urban planning, both aesthetic and practical: streets, building facades, parks, sewage and water facilities, state and municipal facilities, commercial centers and public monuments. But today, cities face new challenges, and urban planning is adapting to them. Administrations must take into account the future of our cities in the context of globalization and address issues such as climate change mitigation, social integration and the preservation of cultural heritage.

The main problem of unstable urban development is the lack of planning and design of the urban environment. But any problems can be solved, because there are already certain mechanisms, strategies, and tools to eliminate most of them.

high traffic are rented out for an average of 74% more expensive than suburban areas. The interest of developers and investors leads to the creation of concentration zones-places where pedestrian activity is high. This concentration can completely change the appearance of many cities and lead to the creation of micro-cities, in fact, "city within a city" or "district within a district".

immediately and only slightly weakened due to the presence of several "centers" or "downtowns", then for Russian, Chinese and many other cities built on the principle of" decentralizing the load by population density", this changes absolutely everything. We will see how Russian cities solve this problem.

The most famous building of the early Calatrava is the Alamillo bridge in Seville (Spain).

Decision. The shared economy will allow investors from different sectors to invest in projects that can be called multifunctional. As a result, residential complexes will combine apartments, shops, offices, kindergartens and schools, restaurants, and even municipal and state facilities.

more digital technologies are being integrated into urban design, from basic elements like LCD screens instead of traditional billboards to embedded technologies needed for computer automation and synchronization of processes.

Digital automation of information systems for public transport, social services, health and public spaces is being implemented everywhere in all major cities of the EU, Scandinavia, the USA, Canada, Australia and other prosperous countries.

to new software that may be being developed right now. For example, in the Russian healthcare system, Clinic365, Medesk, and BARS are popular.Med, 1C: Attending physician, Infoclinic, IDENT, ClinicIQ, MedWork, and others — but all these systems are very far behind the American ones and, in fact, are notebooks, not interactive systems. The most complex of them include SMS notifications, online doctor appointments, and integration with online sales registers. In the public sector in Russia is developing "unified state information system in healthcare".It is important to understand, in the US and Europe is competition in the market of private clinics and hospitals allows programmers to create more user-friendly and effective solutions.Olympic games.

demand for separate apartments for the elderly and the changing size of the average family (in this case, we are not talking about an officially civil marriage and children, but about people who for one reason or another live in the same apartment or house) requires new housing solutions. They will affect how the new residential complexes will look.
The result of the trend is a "greater choice of layouts", and it concerns not only the form, but also the format. In Europe, such areas are developing as apartments for public use (where 5-8 tenants will live with separate bedrooms and bathrooms for all, but a common kitchen and living room), studios, lofts and microlofts, townhouses, penthouses and many other types of housing that meet the needs that previously did not exist in society (or which did not spend certain resources).

of the examples of using wildlife objects as the conceptual basis of the project.

The problem of lack of choice of layouts and types of housing is not rooted in the Communist times of the USSR, as many believe. In the USSR, houses were built simple and universal, because the authorities wanted to provide the maximum number of people with urban housing. Architecture was not abolished by the authorities in the USSR — it simply did not exist before, as well as the "middle class" in principle.

PEAK — CITIES ARE BECOMING DANGEROUS. BECAUSE OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, APARTMENTS ON THE UPPER FLOORS ARE MORE EXPENSIVE, AND THE FIRST FLOORS IN THE CENTER AND APARTMENTS NEAR THE HIGHWAYS ARE BOUGHT BY LOW-INCOME FAMILIES. THEIR RISK OF DISEASES IS HIGHER.

thousand people die in the world a year due to nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide and fine dust in the EU (as well as about 100 thousand in China, 75 thousand in India, 20 thousand in the US and about 15 thousand in Russia).
Many cities around the world are thinking about creating more eco-friendly living conditions, and Moscow is no exception. Together with GreenPeace Russia, in the fall of 2018, the Moscow government approved a revolutionary plan for the development of a modern urban transport system. He needs to cut emissions by a quarter thanks to the introduction of areas with low levels of nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide. Such zones already exist in Berlin, Brussels, Rotterdam and Copenhagen.

of Cologne is most inspiring. Together with KVB (the operator of public urban transport), Cologne is moving to deploy a 100% electric bus fleet by 2030, with public transport for urban residents free of charge. All in order for as many people as possible to give up personal cars.

The second option is to expand pedestrian zones. Cologne is implementing its "Green city Master plan", which includes bike paths and a comprehensive, global expansion of pedestrian zones by reducing the area of trails. The master plan is a complex set of soft and hard measures to improve air quality. This is very important to understand: some problems / aspects require drastic measures and high costs, while other areas may change gradually. For example, it is much more difficult to" cut " highways from the public urban network than to buy new eco-buses. Even in Europe, most cities use only mild pollution control measures, but the situation is still changing. The motto "Clone Cologne" ("Do like Cologne") is now being adopted around the world.

7 million people worldwide will die prematurely (5-15 years before natural death) due to environmental pollution in 2019. First of all, we should mention Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Mongolia and Kuwait. Here, the environment is recognized as unhealthy for anyone, even a strong, healthy and young person. In Nepal, the United Arab Emirates, Indonesia, China (as well as in non-Asian Nigeria, Uganda, and Bosnia-Herzegovina) the environment is dangerous for certain "sensitive groups", which include children under 18, pensioners and people with any chronic diseases.

Industrial crisis in major cities.

Europe has already experienced this crisis in a certain way, bringing all industry to the third world. Now, Asian industrial zones are suffering from overpopulation and air pollution from factories and factories. Many African countries face the same problems. The pollution in question is of such a scale that it already runs counter to the human right to live and work in non-life-threatening conditions.
The Russian cities of Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Khabarovsk, the regions of Buryatia and Taimyr, Kemerovo, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, according to the Moscow Times, are the most problematic. Today, more than 16 million Russian citizens breathe dangerous air. But the situation is changing: over the past 5 years, many factories have been equipped with filters that have solved many problems

working relationships between public or state structures for air quality control and environmental protection with all commercial organizations. And this is only possible if clear and strict draft laws are established.The prosperous countries of the European Union, the United States, and the Scandinavian countries have pushed industry beyond their borders as far as possible. At the same time, they are the 90% of consumers of goods.

Statistics. 22 of the 30 most polluting cities in the world are located in India. 55 of the 100 most polluted cities are located in China. This is data from the world Health organization.

AN INTERESTING BOOK NEW CITY LIFE, THE DANISH ARCHITECT JAN GEIL PROVIDES DATA FROM A SURVEY OF THE POPULATION OF COPENHAGEN. IT WAS HELD TWICE, IN THE 1970S AND AGAIN IN 2005. THE QUESTION WAS THE SAME: "WHY DO YOU USUALLY COME TO THE CENTER?" IN THE 1970S, MOST OF THE RESPONDENTS SAID THAT IT WAS FOR SHOPPING, BUT IN 2005 THE MOST POPULAR ANSWER WAS (TO PUT IT SIMPLY) "TO GET OUT TO THE CITY". THE URBAN CENTER HAS EVOLVED: PUBLIC AREAS HAVE BECOME AS IMPORTANT AS SHOPPING CENTERS.

a market, and a place of communication / exchange. But in recent decades, the city as a place dedicated mainly to work and necessities has been transformed into a recreation and entertainment center. Here, urban planning comes into play, not planning, but designing aimed at physically improving the public environment.

DECISION. DESIGN IS NOT JUST A SET OF FUNCTIONS MULTIPLIED BY AN AESTHETIC COMPONENT. IT IS INCREASINGLY BECOMING A STRATEGIC ELEMENT IN INNOVATIVE BUSINESS PROCESSES AND OTHER SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES. IN OTHER WORDS, USING DESIGN TO MAKE THE CITY SAFER AND MORE COMFORTABLE.IN EUROPE, THE CITY HAS LONG BEEN PERCEIVED AS AN ENTERTAINMENT CENTER. IN MOSCOW AND SAINT PETERSBURG, THE SITUATION IS SIMILAR, BUT IN OTHER RUSSIAN CITIES, THE PROBLEM OF LACK OF ENTERTAINMENT ZONES IS ACUTE. REGIONAL CENTERS ARE USUALLY LIMITED TO SHOPPING CENTERS, MOVIE THEATERS, AND RESTAURANTS, AS WELL AS FAST FOOD OUTLETS. THE LACK OF ENTERTAINMENT AREAS IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW PURCHASING POWER, SO THE FORMATION OF THE CENTER DOES NOT OCCUR. INVESTMENT WILL NOT SOLVE THE PROBLEM COMPLETELY — MOST RUSSIANS STILL PREFER TO HAVE FUN USING A TV AND COMPUTER.