Introduction in bioorganic chemistry. Isomerism and structure of organic compounds

Organic chemistry — chemistry of carbon containing compounds

Elements Н, О, N,

Charles Frédéric Gerhardt (21 August 1816 – 19 August 1856). French

In1853 C. Gerhardt elaborated «theory of the types» and use it

Alexander Mikhaylovich Butlerov (September 15, 1828 – August 17, 1886) -

Basic statements of structure theory of organic compounds(1861)

1) In organic molecules

4) In organic molecules exists mutual effects between as bonded, so

Structural formula – representation of bonds order in molecules

Empirical formula– СН4О

Structural formulas

n-butane

ethanol

3D-models of organic compounds

Sticks

Ball & Stick

spherical

Bond types

covalent bond

hydrogen bond

Ionic bond

Covalent bond in organic molecules:

Polar
Non-polar
Single (σ-bond)
Double or

Chemical properties of organic molecules caused not only by quantity and

Structural isomerism caused by difference order and bonding type of atoms

Изомерия цепи

primary atoms

secondary atoms

tertiary atoms

Quatemary atoms

Positional isomerism

Functional group - atom or group of atom which contain elements differ

Functional group isomerism

Tautomerism (dynamic isomerism)

Keto-enol
Lactim-lactam
Thion-thiol
Ring-chain
azole

Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and

Conformational stereoisomerism caused by difference location of molecular fragments caused by

Conformations types

Configurational stereoisomerism caused by different location of atoms or group of

Geometric isomerism (cis-trans, E-Z-isomerism)
Caused by difference location of atoms and groups

Optical isomerism caused by the presence in organic molecule carbon atom

Thalidomide tragedy

Electronic effects in organic molecules

Inductive effect - transmission of charge through

Electronic effects in organic molecules

Mesomeric effect - transmission of charge through