Talk 2-Plant Cells

Сентябрь 6, 2022

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Talk 2-Plant Cells

Содержание

2. Overview of Plant Structure Plants are Earth’s Primary Producers Harvest Energy from sunlight by converting light
3. Overview of Plant Structure The vegetative body consists of: Leaf: Photosynthesis Stem: Support Roots: anchorage and
4. The leaf
5. The stem
6. The Root
7. Overview of Plant Structure Two general types of plants: Angiosperms: More advanced type of plant About
8. Xylem: Main water-conducting tissue of vascular plants. arise from individual cylindrical cells oriented end to end.
9. Overview of Plant Structure Phloem: The main components of phloem are sieve elements companion cells. Sieve
10. The Plant Cell
11. The Plant Cell All plant cells have the same basic eukaryotic organization However, at maturity when
12. The Plasma Membrane Composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins. The phospholipid sets up the bilayer
13. The Plasma Membrane Phospholipids: Two fatty acids covalently linked to a glycerol, which is linked to
14. The Plasma Membrane Proteins: Integral proteins: Embedded in lipid bylayer – serve as “ion pumps” They
15. The nucleus Contains almost all of the genetic material What it contains is called the nuclear
16. The Endoplasmic reticulum Connected to the nuclear envelope 3D-network of continuous tubules that course through the
17. The Endoplasmic reticulum Proteins are made in the Rough ER lumen by an attached ribosome. Protein
18. The Golgi Network Proteins or lipids made in the ER contained in transport vesicles fuse with
19. The Golgi Network
20. The Mitochondria Contain their own DNA and protein-synthesizing machinery Ribosomes, transfer RNAs, nucleotides. Thought to have
21. The Mitochondria Site of Cellular Respiration This process requires oxygen. Composed of three stages: Glycolysis--glucose splitting,
22. The Chloroplast Contain their own DNA and protein-synthesizing machinery Ribosomes, transfer RNAs, nucleotides. Thought to have
23. The Chloroplast Membranes contain chlophyll and it’s associated proteins Site of photosynthesis Have inner & outer
24. The Vacuole Can be 80 – 90% of the plant cell Contained within a vacuolar membrane
25. The cytoskeleton Three main components: Microtubules: are α and β proteins that create scaffolding in a
26. The cytoskeleton Intermediate filaments: a diverse group of helically wound linear proteins. Dimers line up parallel
27. The cytoskeleton All these elements can assemble and disassemble Involved in plant cell division During mitosis
28. Plamodesmarta Each contains a tube called a Desmotubule, which is part of the ER. This is
29. The Plant Cell wall Cell walls are held together by the middle Lamella. Made up of:
30. Replication of DNA
31. Composed of 4 nucleotide bases, 5 carbon sugar and phosphate. Base pair = rungs of a
32. The bases Chargaff’s Rules A=T G=C led to suggestion of a double helix structure for DNA
33. The Bases Adenine (A) always base pairs with thymine (T) Guanine (G) always base pairs with
34. The Bases The C#T pairing on the left suffers from carbonyl dipole repulsion, as well as
36. DNA Replication Adenine (A) always base pairs with thymine (T) Guanine (G) always base pairs with
37. DNA Replication Each new double helix is composed of an old (parental) strand and a new
38. Protein synthesis in Plants
39. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA holds the code DNA makes RNA RNA makes Protein DNA
40. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
41. Summary of protein synthesis Proteins: Chains of Amino Acids Three nucleotide base pairs code for one
42. Occurs in the cytoplasm or on Rough ER
43. RNA Formed from 4 nucleotides, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate. Uracil is used in RNA. It replaces
45. Translation Translation requires: Amino acids Transfer RNA: (tRNA) Appropriate to its time, transfers AAs to ribosomes.
47. Translation Initiation— mRNA binds to smaller of ribosome subunits, then, small subunit binds to big subunit.
54. Translation Translation requires: Amino acids Transfer RNA: (tRNA) Appropriate to its time, transfers AAs to ribosomes.
56. Cell Division in Plants
57. Most plant cells divide by Mitosis Mitosis: Process of division that produces two daughter cells with
58. Stages of Division Prophase--nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle formation. Metaphase--chromosomes are lined up precisely on
59. Prophase--nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle formation. Metaphase--chromosomes are lined up precisely on the metaphase plate,
60. Anaphase--spindle pulls sister chromatids apart. Telophase--chromatids begin to decondense and become chromatin. Spindle disappears. NEW CELL
61. Remember the cytoskeleton? Changes in microtubule arrangements (yellow) during different stages of the cell cycle of
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Overview of Plant Structure
Plants are Earth’s Primary Producers
Harvest Energy from sunlight

by converting light energy into chemical energy
They store this Chemical Energy in bonds formed when the synthesize Carbohydrates from Carbon Dioxide and Water.
Non- motile
Have evolved to grow towards resources throughout their life span.

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Overview of Plant Structure
The vegetative body consists of:
Leaf: Photosynthesis
Stem: Support
Roots: anchorage

and absorption of water & minerals.
Nodes: leaf attached to stem.
Internode: Region of stem between two nodes

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The leaf

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The stem

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The Root

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Overview of Plant Structure
Two general types of plants:
Angiosperms:
More advanced type of

plant
About 250,000 species known
Major innovation is the Flower
So these are also known as flowing plants!
Gymnosperms:
Less advanced than angiosperms
About 700 species known
Largest group is the conifer (cone bearer)
ie, pine, fir, spruce, and redwood

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Xylem:
Main water-conducting tissue of vascular plants.
arise from individual cylindrical cells oriented

end to end.
At maturity the end walls of these cells dissolve away and the cytoplasmic contents die.
The result is the xylem vessel, a continuous nonliving duct.
carry water and some dissolved solutes, such as inorganic ions, up the plant

Overview of Plant Structure

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Overview of Plant Structure
Phloem:
The main components of phloem are
sieve elements
companion

cells.
Sieve elements have no nucleus and only a sparse collection of other organelles . Companion cell provides energy
so-named because end walls are perforated - allows cytoplasmic connections between vertically-stacked cells .
conducts sugars and amino acids - from the leaves, to the rest of the plant

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The Plant Cell

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The Plant Cell
All plant cells have the same basic eukaryotic organization
However,

at maturity when they become specialized, plant cells may differ greatly from one another in their structures and functions
Even those physically next to each other.
Even the nucleus can be lost in some plant cells
Contains many organelles with specific functions
Enclosed by a membrane which defines their boundaries
Don’t Forget the Cell Wall!!!!!!!!!!

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The Plasma Membrane
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins.
The phospholipid sets

up the bilayer structure
Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and fatty acid tails.
The plasma membrane is fluid--that is proteins move in a fluid lipid background

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The Plasma Membrane
Phospholipids:
Two fatty acids covalently linked to a glycerol, which

is linked to a phosphate.
All attached to a “head group”, such as choline, an amino acid.
Head group POLAR – so hydrophilic (loves water)
Tail is non-polar -hydrophobic
The tail varies in length from 14 to 28 carbons.

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The Plasma Membrane
Proteins:
Integral proteins:
Embedded in lipid bylayer – serve as “ion

pumps”
They pump ions across the membrane against their concentration gradient
Peripheral proteins:
Bound to membrane surface by ionic bonds.
Interact with components of the cytoskeleton
Anchored proteins:
Bound to surface via lipid molecules

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The nucleus
Contains almost all of the genetic material
What it contains is

called the nuclear genome – this varies greatly between plant species.
Surrounded by nuclear envelope- double membrane - same as the plasma membrane.
The nuclear pores allow for the passage of macromolecules and ribosomal subunits in and out of the nucleus.

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The Endoplasmic reticulum
Connected to the nuclear envelope
3D-network of continuous tubules that

course through the cytoplasm.
Rough ER: Synthesize, process, and sort proteins targeted to membranes, vacuoles, or the secretory pathway.
Smooth ER: Synthesize lipids and oils.
Also:
Acts as an anchor points for actin filaments
Controls cytosolic concentrations of calcium ions

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The Endoplasmic reticulum
Proteins are made in the Rough ER lumen by

an attached ribosome.
Protein detaches from the ribosome
The ER folds in on itself to form a transport vesicle
This transport vesicle “buds off” and moves to the cytoplasm
Either:
Fuses with plasma membrane
Fuses with Golgi Apparatus

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The Golgi Network
Proteins or lipids made in the ER contained in

transport vesicles fuse with the Golgi.
The Golgi modifies proteins and lipids from the ER, sorts them and packages them into transport vesicles.
This transport vesicle “buds off” and moves to the cytoplasm.
Fuse with plasma membrane.

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The Golgi Network

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The Mitochondria
Contain their own DNA and protein-synthesizing machinery
Ribosomes, transfer RNAs,

nucleotides.
Thought to have evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria.
Divide by fusion
The DNA is in the form of circular chromosomes, like bacteria
DNA replication is independent from DNA replication in the nucleus

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The Mitochondria
Site of Cellular Respiration
This process requires oxygen.
Composed of three stages:
Glycolysis--glucose

splitting, occurs in the cell. Glucose is converted to Pyruvate.
Krebs cycle--Electrons are removed--carriers are charged and CO2 is produced. This occurs in the mitochondrion.
Electron transport--electrons are transferred to oxygen. This produces H2O and ATP. Occurs in the mito.

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The Chloroplast
Contain their own DNA and protein-synthesizing machinery
Ribosomes, transfer RNAs, nucleotides.
Thought

to have evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria.
Divide by fusion
The DNA is in the form of circular chromosomes, like bacteria
DNA replication is independent from DNA replication in the nucleus

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The Chloroplast
Membranes contain chlophyll and it’s associated proteins
Site of photosynthesis
Have inner

& outer membranes
3rd membrane system
Thylakoids
Stack of Thylakoids = Granum
Surrounded by Stroma
Works like mitochondria
During photosynthesis, ATP from stroma provide the energy for the production of sugar molecules

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The Vacuole
Can be 80 – 90% of the plant cell
Contained within

a vacuolar membrane (Tonoplast)
Contains:
Water, inorganic ions, organic acids, sugars, enzymes, and secondary metabolites.
Required for plant cell enlargement
The turgor pressure generated by vacuoles provides the structural rigidity needed to keep herbaceous plants upright.

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The cytoskeleton
Three main components:
Microtubules: are α and β proteins that create

scaffolding in a cell. MTs are formed from the protein tubulin. 13 rows of tubulin =1 microtubule
Microfilaments: solid (7 nm) made from G-actin protein. Consists of 2 chains of actin subunits that intertwine in a helical fashion

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The cytoskeleton
Intermediate filaments: a diverse group of helically wound linear proteins.
Dimers

line up parallel to each other
These form anti-parallel Tetramers
These join together to form a filament

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The cytoskeleton
All these elements can assemble and disassemble
Involved in plant cell

division
During mitosis
Process of division that produces two daughter cells with identical chromosomal content of parent cell

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Plamodesmarta
Each contains a tube called a Desmotubule, which is part of

the ER.
This is what connects adjacent cell and allow chemical communication and transport of material throughout the whole plant.
The restriction acts to control the size of the molecules which pass through.

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The Plant Cell wall
Cell walls are held together by the middle

Lamella.
Made up of:
Cellulose
Xyloglucan
Pectin
Proteins
Ca ions
Lignin
other ions
Water

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Replication of DNA

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Composed of 4 nucleotide bases, 5 carbon sugar and phosphate.
Base pair

= rungs of a ladder.
Edges = sugar-phosphate backbone.
Double Helix
Anti-Parallel

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The bases
Chargaff’s Rules
A=T
G=C
led to suggestion of a double helix structure for

DNA

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The Bases
Adenine (A) always base pairs with thymine (T)
Guanine (G) always

base pairs with Cytosine (C)

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The Bases
The C#T pairing on the left suffers from carbonyl dipole

repulsion, as well as steric crowding of the oxygens. The G#A pairing on the right is also destabilized by steric crowding (circled hydrogens).

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DNA Replication
Adenine (A) always base pairs with thymine (T)
Guanine (G) always

base pairs with Cytosine (C)
ALL Down to HYDROGEN Bonding
Requires steps:
H bonds break as enzymes unwind molecule
New nucleotides (always in nucleus) fit into place beside old strand in a process called Complementary Base Pairing.
New nucleotides joined together by enzyme called DNA Polymerase

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DNA Replication
Each new double helix is composed of an old (parental)

strand and a new (daughter) strand.
As each strand acts as a template, process is called Semi-conservative Replication.
Replication errors can occur. Cell has repair enzymes that usually fix problem. An error that persists is a mutation.
This is permanent, and alters the phenotype.

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Protein synthesis in Plants

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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA holds the code
DNA makes RNA
RNA makes

Protein
DNA to DNA is called REPLICATION
DNA to RNA is called TRANSCRIPTION
RNA to Protein is called TRANSLATION

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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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Summary of protein synthesis
Proteins:
Chains of Amino Acids
Three nucleotide base pairs code

for one amino acid.
Proteins are formed from RNA
The nucleotide code must be translated into an amino acid code.

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Occurs in the cytoplasm or on Rough ER

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RNA
Formed from 4 nucleotides, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate.
Uracil is used in

RNA.
It replaces Thymine
The 5 carbon sugar has an extra oxygen.
RNA is single stranded.

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Translation
Translation requires:
Amino acids
Transfer RNA: (tRNA) Appropriate to its time, transfers AAs

to ribosomes. The AA’s join in cytoplasm to form proteins. 20 types. Loop structure
Ribosomal RNA: (rRNA) Joins with proteins made in cytoplasm to form the subunits of ribosomes. Linear molecule.
Messenger RNA: (mRNA) Carries genetic material from DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm. Linear molecule.

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Translation
Initiation—
mRNA binds to smaller of ribosome subunits, then, small subunit binds

to big subunit.
AUG start codon--complex assembles
Elongation—
add AAs one at a time to form chain.
Incoming tRNA receives AA’s from outgoing tRNA. Ribosome moves to allow this to continue
Termintion— Stop codon--complex falls apart

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Translation
Translation requires:
Amino acids
Transfer RNA: (tRNA) Appropriate to its time, transfers AAs

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Cell Division in Plants

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Most plant cells divide by Mitosis
Mitosis: Process of division that produces

two daughter cells with identical chromosomal content of parent cell.
Mitosis is one stage of the cell cycle.
Cell cycle--cycle of stages a cell goes through in order to grow and divide.

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Stages of Division
Prophase--nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle formation.
Metaphase--chromosomes are lined

up precisely on the metaphase plate, or middle of the cell.
Anaphase--spindle pulls sister chromatids apart.
Telophase--chromatids begin to decondense and become chromatin. Spindle disappears.
Cytokinesis--divide cell and organelles. Actin ring, or cleavage furrow splits cell.

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Prophase--nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle formation.
Metaphase--chromosomes are lined up precisely

on the metaphase plate, or middle of the cell.

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Anaphase--spindle pulls sister chromatids apart.
Telophase--chromatids begin to decondense and become

chromatin. Spindle disappears.
NEW CELL WALL IS FORMED
Cytokinesis--divide cell and organelles. Actin ring, or cleavage furrow splits cell.

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Remember the cytoskeleton?
Changes in microtubule arrangements (yellow) during different stages of

the cell cycle of wheat root cells. DNA is shown in blue.

Talk 2-Plant Cells

Содержание

Overview of Plant StructurePlants are Earth’s Primary ProducersHarvest Energy from sunlight

Overview of Plant StructureThe vegetative body consists of:Leaf: PhotosynthesisStem: SupportRoots: anchorage

The leaf

The stem

The Root

Overview of Plant StructureTwo general types of plants:Angiosperms:More advanced type of

Xylem:Main water-conducting tissue of vascular plants.arise from individual cylindrical cells oriented

Overview of Plant StructurePhloem:The main components of phloem are sieve elementscompanion

The Plant Cell

The Plant CellAll plant cells have the same basic eukaryotic organizationHowever,

The Plasma MembraneComposed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins.The phospholipid sets

The Plasma MembranePhospholipids:Two fatty acids covalently linked to a glycerol, which

The Plasma MembraneProteins:Integral proteins:Embedded in lipid bylayer – serve as “ion

The nucleusContains almost all of the genetic materialWhat it contains is

The Endoplasmic reticulumConnected to the nuclear envelope3D-network of continuous tubules that

The Endoplasmic reticulumProteins are made in the Rough ER lumen by

The Golgi NetworkProteins or lipids made in the ER contained in

The Golgi Network

The Mitochondria Contain their own DNA and protein-synthesizing machineryRibosomes, transfer RNAs,

The MitochondriaSite of Cellular RespirationThis process requires oxygen.Composed of three stages:Glycolysis--glucose

The ChloroplastContain their own DNA and protein-synthesizing machineryRibosomes, transfer RNAs, nucleotides.Thought

The ChloroplastMembranes contain chlophyll and it’s associated proteinsSite of photosynthesisHave inner

The VacuoleCan be 80 – 90% of the plant cellContained within

The cytoskeletonThree main components:Microtubules: are α and β proteins that create

The cytoskeletonIntermediate filaments: a diverse group of helically wound linear proteins.Dimers

The cytoskeletonAll these elements can assemble and disassembleInvolved in plant cell

PlamodesmartaEach contains a tube called a Desmotubule, which is part of

The Plant Cell wallCell walls are held together by the middle

Replication of DNA

Composed of 4 nucleotide bases, 5 carbon sugar and phosphate.Base pair

The basesChargaff’s RulesA=TG=Cled to suggestion of a double helix structure for

The BasesAdenine (A) always base pairs with thymine (T)Guanine (G) always

The BasesThe C#T pairing on the left suffers from carbonyl dipole

DNA ReplicationAdenine (A) always base pairs with thymine (T)Guanine (G) always

DNA ReplicationEach new double helix is composed of an old (parental)

Protein synthesis in Plants

Central Dogma of Molecular BiologyDNA holds the codeDNA makes RNARNA makes

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Summary of protein synthesisProteins:Chains of Amino AcidsThree nucleotide base pairs code

Occurs in the cytoplasm or on Rough ER

RNAFormed from 4 nucleotides, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate.Uracil is used in

TranslationTranslation requires:Amino acidsTransfer RNA: (tRNA) Appropriate to its time, transfers AAs

TranslationInitiation—mRNA binds to smaller of ribosome subunits, then, small subunit binds

TranslationTranslation requires:Amino acidsTransfer RNA: (tRNA) Appropriate to its time, transfers AAs

Cell Division in Plants

Most plant cells divide by MitosisMitosis: Process of division that produces

Stages of DivisionProphase--nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle formation.Metaphase--chromosomes are lined

Prophase--nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle formation.Metaphase--chromosomes are lined up precisely

Anaphase--spindle pulls sister chromatids apart. Telophase--chromatids begin to decondense and become

Remember the cytoskeleton?Changes in microtubule arrangements (yellow) during different stages of

Похожие презентации

Overview of Plant Structure
Plants are Earth’s Primary Producers
Harvest Energy from sunlight

Overview of Plant Structure
The vegetative body consists of:
Leaf: Photosynthesis
Stem: Support
Roots: anchorage

Overview of Plant Structure
Two general types of plants:
Angiosperms:
More advanced type of

Xylem:
Main water-conducting tissue of vascular plants.
arise from individual cylindrical cells oriented

Overview of Plant Structure
Phloem:
The main components of phloem are
sieve elements
companion

The Plant Cell
All plant cells have the same basic eukaryotic organization
However,

The Plasma Membrane
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins.
The phospholipid sets

The Plasma Membrane
Phospholipids:
Two fatty acids covalently linked to a glycerol, which

The Plasma Membrane
Proteins:
Integral proteins:
Embedded in lipid bylayer – serve as “ion

The nucleus
Contains almost all of the genetic material
What it contains is

The Endoplasmic reticulum
Connected to the nuclear envelope
3D-network of continuous tubules that

The Endoplasmic reticulum
Proteins are made in the Rough ER lumen by

The Golgi Network
Proteins or lipids made in the ER contained in

The Mitochondria
Contain their own DNA and protein-synthesizing machinery
Ribosomes, transfer RNAs,

The Mitochondria
Site of Cellular Respiration
This process requires oxygen.
Composed of three stages:
Glycolysis--glucose

The Chloroplast
Contain their own DNA and protein-synthesizing machinery
Ribosomes, transfer RNAs, nucleotides.
Thought

The Chloroplast
Membranes contain chlophyll and it’s associated proteins
Site of photosynthesis
Have inner

The Vacuole
Can be 80 – 90% of the plant cell
Contained within

The cytoskeleton
Three main components:
Microtubules: are α and β proteins that create

The cytoskeleton
Intermediate filaments: a diverse group of helically wound linear proteins.
Dimers

The cytoskeleton
All these elements can assemble and disassemble
Involved in plant cell

Plamodesmarta
Each contains a tube called a Desmotubule, which is part of

The Plant Cell wall
Cell walls are held together by the middle

Composed of 4 nucleotide bases, 5 carbon sugar and phosphate.
Base pair

The bases
Chargaff’s Rules
A=T
G=C
led to suggestion of a double helix structure for

The Bases
Adenine (A) always base pairs with thymine (T)
Guanine (G) always

The Bases
The C#T pairing on the left suffers from carbonyl dipole

DNA Replication
Adenine (A) always base pairs with thymine (T)
Guanine (G) always

DNA Replication
Each new double helix is composed of an old (parental)

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA holds the code
DNA makes RNA
RNA makes

Summary of protein synthesis
Proteins:
Chains of Amino Acids
Three nucleotide base pairs code

RNA
Formed from 4 nucleotides, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate.
Uracil is used in

Translation
Translation requires:
Amino acids
Transfer RNA: (tRNA) Appropriate to its time, transfers AAs

Translation
Initiation—
mRNA binds to smaller of ribosome subunits, then, small subunit binds

Translation
Translation requires:
Amino acids
Transfer RNA: (tRNA) Appropriate to its time, transfers AAs

Most plant cells divide by Mitosis
Mitosis: Process of division that produces

Stages of Division
Prophase--nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle formation.
Metaphase--chromosomes are lined

Prophase--nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle formation.
Metaphase--chromosomes are lined up precisely

Anaphase--spindle pulls sister chromatids apart.
Telophase--chromatids begin to decondense and become

Remember the cytoskeleton?
Changes in microtubule arrangements (yellow) during different stages of