The structure of verse

Сентябрь 3, 2022

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The structure of verse

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2. – two or more verse lines combined. STANZA (or strophe) “Stanza is a verse segment composed
3. STANZAS TYPICAL FOR ENGLISH POETRY:
4. THE BALLAD STANZA mostly iambus, dactylic and anapestic feet are also possible four lines: the 1st
5. In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud, It perched for vespers nine; Whiles all the
6. THE HEROIC COUPLET one of the oldest forms was mostly employed in elevated genres iambic pentameter
7. THE HEROIC COUPLET Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced
8. THE SPENSERIAN STANZA introduced by Edmund Spenser in the 16th century nine lines: eight of them
9. THE SPENSERIAN STANZA Lo I the man, whose Muse whilome did maske, As time her taught,
10. THE OTTAVA RIMA from Latin octo, Italian otto 'eight' came to England from Italy in the
11. THE OTTAVA RIMA In Seville was he born, a pleasant city, Famous for oranges and women
12. THE SONNET from Italian sonetto fourteen lines iambic pentameter rhyming must be strictly observed abba abba
13. THE SONNET My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than
14. FREE VERSE no set rhythm no set rhyme pattern lines of irregular length must not be
15. FREE VERSE After the Sea-Ship—after the whistling winds; After the white-gray sails, taut to their spars
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– two or more verse lines combined.
STANZA (or strophe)
“Stanza is a

verse segment composed of a number of lines having a definite measure and rhyming system which is repeated throughout the poem.”
– I. R. Galperin

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STANZAS TYPICAL FOR ENGLISH POETRY:

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THE BALLAD STANZA
mostly iambus, dactylic and anapestic feet are also possible
four

lines: the 1st and the 3rd have four feet each (tetrameter)
the 2nd and the 4th have three feet each (trimeter)
only the 2nd and the 4th lines rhyme
sometimes poets may use internal rhyme in the 1st and 3rd lines
abcb

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In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud,
It perched for vespers

nine;
Whiles all the night, through fog-smoke white,
Glimmered the white Moon-shine.
Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, lines 75 – 78

THE BALLAD STANZA

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THE HEROIC COUPLET
one of the oldest forms
was mostly employed in elevated

genres
iambic pentameter
two lines
aa, bb, cc, etc.

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THE HEROIC COUPLET
Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote
The droghte of

March hath perced to the roote,
And bathed every veyne in swich licour
Of which vertu engendred is the flour.
Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales

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THE SPENSERIAN STANZA
introduced by Edmund Spenser in the 16th century
nine lines:

eight of them – iambic pentameter
the 9th – iambic hexameter
ababbcbcc

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THE SPENSERIAN STANZA
Lo I the man, whose Muse whilome did maske, As

time her taught, in lowly Shepheards weeds,
Am now enforst a far unfitter taske,
For trumpets sterne to chaunge mine Oaten reeds,
And sing of Knights and Ladies gentle deeds;
Whose prayses hauing slept in silence long,
Me, all too meane, the sacred Muse areeds
To blazon broad emongst her learned throng:
Fierce warres and faithfull loues shall moralize my song.
Spenser, Faerie Queene

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THE OTTAVA RIMA
from Latin octo, Italian otto 'eight'
came to England from

Italy in the 16th century
eight lines
iambic pentameter
ab ab ab cc

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THE OTTAVA RIMA
In Seville was he born, a pleasant city,
Famous

for oranges and women – he
Who has not seen it will be much to pity,
So says the proverb – and I quite agree;
Of all the Spanish towns is none more pretty,
Cadiz, perhaps – but that you soon may see: –
Don Juan's parents lived beside the river,
A noble stream, and called the Guadalquivir.
Lord Byron, Don Juan

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THE SONNET
from Italian sonetto
fourteen lines
iambic pentameter
rhyming must be strictly observed
abba abba

cdc ded
Shakespearian sonnet: abab cdcd efef gg

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THE SONNET
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far

more red than her lips' red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damask'd, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound; I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground: And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare As any she belied with false compare.
Shakespeare, Sonnet 130

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FREE VERSE
no set rhythm
no set rhyme pattern
lines of irregular length
must not

be confused with blank verse (which does not rhyme, but does follow a regular rhythm)

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FREE VERSE
After the Sea-Ship—after the whistling winds;
After the white-gray sails, taut

to their spars and ropes,
Below, a myriad, myriad waves, hastening, lifting up their necks,
Tending in ceaseless flow toward the track of the ship.
Whitman, After the Sea-Ship