Thermal regime of the atmosphere

zonal temperature is typical for the Northern Hemisphere

rate is subject for temporal and special variation.

of the tropical tropopause is believed to be due to the fact that here the eddy exchange is much more intensive than that in extratropical regions.
Discontinuity of the tropopause over subtropical regions so far has no satisfactory explanation.
Over Antarctic, at the end of the winter and beginning of spring (August – November) tropopause disappears.

quite different than that of the “zonal” one for the reason that the position of the continents and oceans are not regular with respect to latitudes.

Summer

Winter

Summer: Land surface warmer than that of water (ocean, sea, lake). Therefore, the air temperature over land is higher than over water surfaces.
Winter: Situation is reverse.

annual variation. That is periodical temperature variation.

Reasons for periodical temperature variation are eddy mixing and radiation.

Periodical temperature variation is better expressed in tropical region.

Periodical temperature variation over mid and high latitudes is often obscured by irregular temperature variations that caused by:

Advection (the main reason),
Vertical motion (mainly in the free atmosphere),
Water phase transfer.

change of the winds and associated weather conditions. In summer permanent winds blow from sea or ocean to a continents, in winter the situation is reversed. Very often summer monsoon is accompanied by heavy rains, while the winter monsoon is known to bring fair weather.

Ocean

Land

Ocean

Summer

Winter