Chapter 23 - Part 1 Lecture Outline

Июль 31, 2022

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Chapter 23 - Part 1 Lecture Outline

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2. The Respiratory System Respiration is gas exchange: O2 for CO2 Occurs between atmosphere and body cells
3. Aerobic Cellular Respiration Oxygen Carbon Dioxide ATP
4. 23.1 Introduction to the Respiratory System State the functions of the respiratory system. Distinguish between the
5. 23.1a General Functions of the Respiratory System Air passageway Air moves from atmosphere to alveoli as
6. 23.1a General Functions of the Respiratory System Sound production Air moves across vocal cords of the
7. 23.1b General Organization of the Respiratory System Structural organization Upper respiratory tract Larynx and above Lower
8. Upper Respiratory Tract Nose Nasal cavity Sinuses Pharynx Larynx MRI
9. Upper Respiratory MRI: Coronal Brain Ethmoid air cells Maxillary sinuses Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha
10. Lower Respiratory X-ray: Posterior – Anterior View Trachea Bronchial Tree Lungs
11. General Anatomy of the Respiratory System Figure 23.1
12. 23.1c Respiratory Mucosa Mucosa = mucous membrane: respiratory lining Epithelium resting on a basement membrane Underlying
13. Respiratory Mucosa Figure 23.2a
14. Respiratory Mucosa Figure 23.2b
15. Respiratory Epithelium High Magnification Respiratory epithelium Cilia Columnar epithelial cells Goblet cells Basal cells Basement membrane
16. 23.1c Respiratory Mucosa Mucous secretions Produced from secretions of Goblet cells of epithelial lining Mucous and
17. What did you learn? What is the difference between the conducting and respiratory zones? How does
18. 23.2 Upper Respiratory Tract Describe the structure and function of the nose. Provide a general description
19. 23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity Nose: first conducting structure for inhaled air Formed by bone, hyaline
20. Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 23.3a,b
21. 23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity Nasal cavity: from nostrils to choanae An oblong-shaped internal space Choanae
22. Nasal Cavity and Choanae Nares Nasal Cavity Nasal Septum Nasopharynx Soft Palate Uvula Choanae Hard Palate
23. Nasal Septum Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer
24. Nasal Septum Vomer Perpendicular plate Septal nasal cartilage
25. 23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity The nasal conchae Three paired, bony projections on lateral walls of
26. Nasal vestibule Choana Nasal septum Hard palate Nares Nose Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior
27. Nasal Conchae-MRI Superior Middle Inferior Septum
28. 23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity Nasal cavity parts Nasal vestibule: just inside nostrils Lined by skin
29. Olfactory Region 16- Olfactory tract Olfactory bulb Olfactory nerves Olfactory mucosa
30. Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 23.3c,d
31. 23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity Nasolacrimal ducts Drain lacrimal secretions from eye surfaces to nasal cavity
32. Clinical View: Runny Nose Rhinorrhea (runny nose) occurs as a result of Increased production of mucus
33. 23.2b Paranasal Sinuses Paranasal sinuses: spaces within skull bones Named for specific bone in which they
34. Maxillary Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Paranasal Sinuses
35. 23.2b Paranasal Sinuses Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Mucus swept into pharynx and swallowed Figure
36. Paranasal sinuses
37. Clinical View: Sinus Infections and Sinus Headaches Respiratory infection or allergy can cause inflammation of the
38. 23.2c Pharynx Pharynx (throat) Funnel-shaped passageway posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx Lateral walls
39. Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Pharynx (throat)
40. Pharynx Oropharynx Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx
41. 23.2c Pharynx Nasopharynx: most superior part of pharynx Posterior to nasal cavity, superior to soft palate
42. 23.2c Pharynx Oropharynx: middle pharyngeal region Posterior to oral cavity Extends from soft palate to hyoid
43. 23.2c Pharynx Laryngopharynx: inferior, narrow region of pharynx Posterior to the larynx From level of hyoid
44. Pharynx Figure 23.5b
45. What did you learn? What are vibrissae? Between which conchae is the middle nasal meatus located?
46. 23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract Describe the general functions and structure of the larynx. Explain how the
47. 23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract (continued) Explain the processes of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation. Describe the structure and
48. 23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract Includes conducting pathways from larynx to terminal bronchioles Includes structures involved in
49. 23.3a Larynx Larynx (voice box) Cylindrical airway between laryngopharynx and trachea Several functions Air passageway (usually
50. 22.3a Larynx Several functions (continued) Participates in sneeze and cough reflexes Help remove irritants from nasal
51. Larynx Epiglottis Vocal cords
52. Larynx
53. 23.3a Larynx Larynx anatomy Laryngeal inlet (laryngeal aperture) connects pharynx and larynx Larynx formed and supported
54. 23.3a Larynx Larynx anatomy (continued) Thyroid cartilage: large, shield-shaped Forms lateral and anterior walls of larynx
55. 23.3a Larynx Larynx anatomy (continued) Smaller, paired cartilages located internally Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform All laryngeal
56. Larynx - Anterior Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Epiglottis Circothyroid ligament Thyrohyoid membrane
57. Larynx - Posterior Laryngeal cartilages Epiglottis Thyroid Cricoid Arytenoid Corniculate
58. Larynx Figure 23.6
59. Larynx - Lateral Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Vestibular fold Vocal fold
60. 23.3a Larynx Larynx anatomy: ligaments (continued) Vocal ligaments extend between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages Composed primarily
61. Vocal Folds Figure 23.7a
62. Vocal Folds Figure 23.7b
63. 23.3a Larynx Larynx anatomy (continued) Extrinsic skeletal muscles Stabilize larynx and help it move during swallowing
64. 23.3a Larynx Sound production: vocal cord vibration Intrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow opening of rima glottidis Air
65. 23.3a Larynx Sound production (continued) Other structures are also necessary for speech Pharynx, nasal and oral
66. Clinical View: Laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx Symptoms of hoarse voice, sore throat, sometimes fever Caused
67. 23.3b Trachea Gross anatomy of trachea (windpipe) Flexible, slightly rigid, tubular organ Goes from larynx to
68. 23.3b Trachea Gross anatomy of the trachea (continued) Carina: internal ridge at inferior end of trachea
69. Trachea Carina
70. Trachea Figure 23.8a-c
71. 23.3b Trachea Histology of the tracheal wall Layers, inner to outer Mucosa: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
72. Trachea Low Magnification Epithelium Lamina propria Submucosa Perichondrium Cartilage
73. Trachea High Magnification Tracheal epithelium Cilia Ciliated cells Goblet cells Nuclei of basal cells Basement membrane
74. 23.3c Bronchial Tree Bronchial tree: system of highly branched air passages Originates at main bronchi, branches
75. Chest X-ray and Bronchogram
76. Trachea and Main (Primary) Bronchi
77. 23.3c Bronchial Tree Gross anatomy of the bronchial tree (continued) Each main bronchus branches into lobar
78. Bronchial Tree Figure 23.9
79. Clinical View: Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi caused by bacterial or viral infection or inhaled irritants
80. 23.3c Bronchial Tree Histology of the bronchial tree Main bronchi are supported by incomplete rings of
81. Structure of the Bronchial Wall Figure 23.10
82. Clinical View: Asthma Episodes of bronchoconstriction, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and excess mucus Asthmatic with
83. 23.3d Respiratory Zone: Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli Respiratory zone structures are microscopic Respiratory bronchioles
84. Bronchioles and Alveoli Figure 23.11a
85. 23.3d Respiratory Zone: Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli Alveoli Each lung contains 300 to 400
86. 23.3d Respiratory Zone: Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli Cell types of alveolar wall Simple squamous
87. 23.3e Respiratory Membrane The respiratory membrane Thin barrier between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries Consists of Alveolar
88. Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane Figure 23.12
89. What did you learn? What makes one speech sound have a higher pitch than another? How
90. 23.4 Lungs Describe the location and general structure of the lungs. Compare and contrast the right
91. 23.4 Lungs (continued) Describe the pleural membranes and pleural cavity. Explain the function of serous fluid
92. 23.4a Gross Anatomy of the Lung Lungs are in thorax on either side of mediastinum House
93. Rt. and Lt. Lungs
94. Lungs
95. Chest X-ray and Bronchogram
96. 23.4a Gross Anatomy of the Lung Lung surfaces Costal surface adjacent to ribs Mediastinal surface adjacent
97. Position of the Lungs Figure 23.13
98. 23.4a Gross Anatomy of the Lung Right lung is larger and wider than left lung Has
99. Right Lung Superior lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe Horizontal fissure Oblique fissure
100. Left Lung Oblique fissure Superior lobe Inferior lobe
101. Cardiac Impression
102. Figure 23.14 Lungs
103. 23.4a Gross Anatomy of the Lung Each lung has multiple bronchopulmonary segments 10 segments in right
104. Bronchopulmonary Segments and Lobules of the Lungs Figure 23.15
105. Clinical View: Smoking Causes respiratory changes with increased chance of Respiratory infections Cellular or genetic changes
106. 23.4b Circulation to and Innervation of the Lungs Blood supply Two types of circulation in the
107. Pulmonary Circulation Pulmonary trunk Lt. Pulmonary artery Lt. Lung Lt. Pulmonary veins Rt. Pulmonary veins Lt.
108. 23.4b Circulation to and Innervation of the Lungs Blood supply (continued) Bronchial circulation transports oxygenated blood
109. Pulmonary Circulation of the Lungs Figure 23.16
110. Clinical Views: Lung Cancer Highly aggressive malignancy with early metastasis Originates in respiratory epithelium Caused by
111. 23.4b Circulation to and Innervation of the Lungs Lymph drainage Lymph vessels and nodes located: Within
112. 23.4b Circulation to and Innervation of the Lungs Innervation of the respiratory system Autonomic nervous system
113. 23.4c Pleura Membranes and Pleural Cavity Pleura: serous membrane Outer lining of lung surfaces and adjacent
114. Pleura Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Pleural cavity
115. Parietal and Visceral Pleurae
116. 23.4c Pleura Membranes and Pleural Cavity Pleural cavity Located between visceral and parietal serous membranes When
117. Clinical View: Pleurisy and Pleural Effusion Pleurisy = inflammation of the pleural membranes Severe chest pain
118. 23.4d How Lungs Remain Inflated Intrapleural pressure (between membranes) is low Chest wall configured to expand
119. Pleural Membranes and Pressures Associated with Lungs Figure 23.17
120. Clinical Views: Pneumothorax and Atelectasis Pneumothorax = free air in the pleural cavity Air introduced externally—penetrating
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The Respiratory System
Respiration is gas exchange: O2 for CO2
Occurs between

atmosphere and body cells
Cells need O2 for aerobic ATP production and need to dispose of CO2 that process produces
The respiratory system provides the means for gas exchange
Consists of respiratory passageways in head, neck, and trunk, and the lungs

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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
ATP

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23.1 Introduction to the Respiratory System
State the functions of the respiratory

system.
Distinguish between the structural organization and the functional organization of the respiratory system.
Describe the structure of the mucosa that lines the respiratory tract and the structural changes observed along its length.
Explain the function of mucus produced by the mucosa.

Learning Objectives:

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23.1a General Functions of the Respiratory System
Air passageway
Air moves from atmosphere

to alveoli as we breathe in
Air moves from lungs to atmosphere as we breathe out
Site for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange (alveoli and pulmonary capillaries)
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood
Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli
Odor detection
Olfactory receptors in superior nasal cavity
Sensory input is relayed to the brain

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23.1a General Functions of the Respiratory System
Sound production
Air moves across vocal

cords of the larynx (voice box)
Vocal cords vibrate, producing sound
Sounds resonate in the upper respiratory structures
Rate and depth of breathing influence
Blood levels of O2, CO2, H+
Venous return of blood; lymphatic return of fluid to blood

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23.1b General Organization of the Respiratory System
Structural organization
Upper respiratory tract
Larynx and

above
Lower respiratory tract
Trachea and below
Functional organization
The conducting zone transports air
Nose to terminal bronchioles
The respiratory zone participates in gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
MRI

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Upper Respiratory MRI: Coronal
Brain
Ethmoid air cells
Maxillary sinuses
Superior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Inferior

nasal concha

Nasal septum

Middle nasal meatus

Inferior nasal meatus

Tongue

Orbits

Hard palate

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Lower Respiratory X-ray: Posterior – Anterior View
Trachea
Bronchial Tree
Lungs

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General Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Figure 23.1

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23.1c Respiratory Mucosa
Mucosa = mucous membrane: respiratory lining
Epithelium resting on a

basement membrane
Underlying lamina propria made of areolar connective tissue
Respiratory epithelium
Becomes thinner from the nose to the alveoli
Starts out as pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Changes to simple ciliated columnar
Changes to simple cuboidal
Changes to simple squamous
Exceptions: stratified squamous found in high abrasion areas of pharynx and on and around vocal cords

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Respiratory Mucosa
Figure 23.2a

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Respiratory Mucosa
Figure 23.2b

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Respiratory Epithelium High Magnification
Respiratory epithelium
Cilia
Columnar epithelial cells
Goblet cells
Basal cells
Basement membrane
Lamina propria

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23.1c Respiratory Mucosa
Mucous secretions
Produced from secretions of
Goblet cells of epithelial lining
Mucous

and serous glands of the lamina propria
Contain mucin protein
Increases mucus viscosity and serves to trap dust, dirt, pollen, etc.
1 to 7 tablespoons produced daily
Contains defenses against microbes
Lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme)
Defensins (antibacterial proteins)
Immunoglobulin A (antibody)
Called sputum when coughed up with saliva and trapped substances

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What did you learn?
What is the difference between the conducting and

respiratory zones?
How does the respiratory mucosa change along its course?
Is the trachea in the upper or lower respiratory tract?
What is sputum?

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23.2 Upper Respiratory Tract
Describe the structure and function of the nose.
Provide

a general description of the structure and function of the nasal cavity.
Describe the structure and function of the four paired paranasal sinuses.
Compare the three regions of the pharynx, and describe their associated structures.

Learning Objectives:

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23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity
Nose: first conducting structure for inhaled air
Formed

by bone, hyaline cartilage, dense irregular connective tissue, and skin
Bridge of nose formed by paired nasal bones
One pair of lateral cartilages and two pairs of alar cartilages
Flared part of nostrils (nares) made of dense irregular connective tissue

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Upper Respiratory Tract
Figure 23.3a,b

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23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity
Nasal cavity: from nostrils to choanae
An

oblong-shaped internal space
Choanae (posterior nasal apertures) lead to pharynx
Floor formed by palate
Roof made of nasal, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones plus some cartilage
Nasal septum divides left and right sides
Anterior part is septal nasal cartilage
Posterior part is bony perpendicular plate of ethmoid plate and vomer bone

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Nasal Cavity and Choanae
Nares
Nasal Cavity
Nasal Septum
Nasopharynx
Soft Palate
Uvula
Choanae
Hard Palate

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Nasal Septum
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Vomer

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Nasal Septum
Vomer
Perpendicular plate
Septal nasal cartilage

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23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity
The nasal conchae
Three paired, bony projections on

lateral walls of nasal cavity
Superior, middle, and inferior conchae
Also called turbinate bones
Produce turbulence in inhaled air
Partition the nasal cavity into separate passages
Each passage called a nasal meatus
Each meatus immediately inferior to its corresponding concha

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Nasal vestibule
Choana
Nasal septum
Hard palate
Nares
Nose
Superior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Superior nasal

meatus

Middle nasal meatus

Inferior nasal meatus

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Nasal Conchae-MRI
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Septum

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23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity
Nasal cavity parts
Nasal vestibule: just inside nostrils
Lined

by skin and particle-trapping hairs called vibrissae
Olfactory region
Superior part of nasal cavity containing olfactory epithelium
Airborne molecules stimulate receptors for odor detection
Respiratory region
Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Has an extensive vascular network
Nosebleeds (epistaxis) common due to large numbers of superficial vessels

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Olfactory Region
16-
Olfactory tract
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory nerves
Olfactory mucosa

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Upper Respiratory Tract
Figure 23.3c,d

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23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity
Nasolacrimal ducts
Drain lacrimal secretions from eye surfaces

to nasal cavity
Nasal cavity warms, cleanses, and humidifies
Air is warmed by extensive blood vessels
Mucus traps dust, microbes, and foreign material
Cilia sweep mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed
Moist environment humidifies
Air turbulence created by conchae enhances all three processes

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Clinical View: Runny Nose
Rhinorrhea (runny nose) occurs as a result of
Increased

production of mucus (allergies, virus)
Increased secretions from lacrimal glands draining into the nasal cavity (crying)
Exposure to cold air (water condensation + less effective cilia)

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23.2b Paranasal Sinuses
Paranasal sinuses: spaces within skull bones
Named for specific bone

in which they are housed
All connected by ducts to nasal cavity
From superior to inferior
Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinuses posterior to ethmoidal sinuses
Maxillary sinuses

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Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Paranasal Sinuses

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23.2b Paranasal Sinuses
Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Mucus swept into

pharynx and swallowed

Figure 23.4

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Paranasal sinuses

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Clinical View: Sinus Infections and Sinus Headaches
Respiratory infection or allergy can cause

inflammation of the ducts that drain from the paranasal sinuses.
Drainage of mucus decreases and accumulates in the sinuses.
Germs can grow in the accumulated mucous, causing a sinus infection.
Inflamed and blocked sinuses and pressure changes can cause sinus headaches.

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23.2c Pharynx
Pharynx (throat)
Funnel-shaped passageway posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity, and

larynx
Lateral walls composed of skeletal muscles
Partitioned into
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Figure 23.5a

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Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Pharynx (throat)

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Pharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx

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23.2c Pharynx
Nasopharynx: most superior part of pharynx
Posterior to nasal cavity, superior

to soft palate
Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
An air passage—not for food
Soft palate elevates during swallowing, blocking food or drink
Connects to middle ear via auditory (eustachian) tube
Opening tubes allows equalization of pressure on each side of tympanic membrane
Contains tonsils—infection-fighting lymphatic tissue
Tubal tonsils located near auditory tube opening
Pharyngeal tonsil on posterior nasopharynx wall
Called adenoids when enlarged

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23.2c Pharynx
Oropharynx: middle pharyngeal region
Posterior to oral cavity
Extends from soft palate

to hyoid bone
Passageway for both food and air
Lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Contains tonsils
Palatine tonsils on the lateral walls
Lingual tonsils at base of tongue

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23.2c Pharynx
Laryngopharynx: inferior, narrow region of pharynx
Posterior to the larynx
From level

of hyoid down to esophagus
Passageway for both food and air
Lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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Pharynx
Figure 23.5b

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What did you learn?
What are vibrissae?
Between which conchae is the middle

nasal meatus located?
What is the difference between the lining of the oropharynx and that of the nasopharynx?
In which part of the pharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils located?

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23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract
Describe the general functions and structure of the

larynx.
Explain how the larynx functions in sound production.
Describe the structure of the trachea.
Explain the structure and function of the tracheal cartilages.
Describe the structural divisions of the bronchial tree.

Learning Objectives:

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23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract (continued)
Explain the processes of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation.
Describe

the structure and function of the components of the respiratory zone.
List three types of cells found in alveoli, and describe the function of each.
Explain the structure of the respiratory membrane.

Learning Objectives:

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23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract
Includes conducting pathways from larynx to terminal bronchioles
Includes

structures involved in gas exchange: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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23.3a Larynx
Larynx (voice box)
Cylindrical airway between laryngopharynx and trachea
Several functions
Air passageway

(usually open)
Prevents ingested materials from entering respiratory tract
Epiglottis covers superior opening during swallowing
Produces sound for speech
Vocal cords (ligaments) vibrate during expiration
Assists in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity
Valsalva maneuver: simultaneous closure of laryngeal opening (by the epiglottis) and contraction of abdominal muscles
Increased pressure facilitates urination, defecation, childbirth

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22.3a Larynx
Several functions (continued)
Participates in sneeze and cough reflexes
Help remove

irritants from nasal cavity or lower respiratory tract
Abdominal muscles contract increasing thoracic pressure
Vocal cords are forcibly opened by pressure from below
Explosive blast of exhaled air is a cough or sneeze

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Larynx
Epiglottis
Vocal cords

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Larynx

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23.3a Larynx
Larynx anatomy
Laryngeal inlet (laryngeal aperture) connects pharynx and larynx
Larynx

formed and supported by nine pieces of cartilage
Cartilages held in place by ligaments and muscles
Single thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis cartilages
Paired arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages

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23.3a Larynx
Larynx anatomy (continued)
Thyroid cartilage: large, shield-shaped
Forms lateral and anterior walls

of larynx
Attached to lateral surface of cricoid cartilage
Anterior protrusion is laryngeal prominence, or Adam’s apple
Generally larger in males
Enlarges during puberty; has sharper angle in males
Cricoid cartilage: ring-shaped
Just inferior to thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis: spoon-shaped
Anchored to inner aspect of thyroid cartilage
Projects posterosuperiorly into the pharynx
Closes over laryngeal inlet during swallowing

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23.3a Larynx
Larynx anatomy (continued)
Smaller, paired cartilages located internally
Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform
All

laryngeal cartilages are made of hyaline cartilage, except the epiglottis, which is made of elastic cartilage
Laryngeal ligaments are extrinsic or intrinsic
Extrinsic ligaments
Attach external surface of larynx to other structures (e.g., hyoid bone)
Intrinsic ligaments are located within the larynx
Include the vocal ligaments and the vestibular ligaments

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Larynx - Anterior
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
Circothyroid ligament
Thyrohyoid membrane

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Larynx - Posterior
Laryngeal cartilages
Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid
Corniculate

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Larynx
Figure 23.6

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Larynx - Lateral
Epiglottis
Thyroid
cartilage
Vestibular
fold
Vocal fold

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23.3a Larynx
Larynx anatomy: ligaments (continued)
Vocal ligaments extend between thyroid and arytenoid

cartilages
Composed primarily of avascular elastic connective tissue
Covered with mucosa to form the vocal folds (true vocal cords)
Produce sound when air passes between them
Opening between ligaments = rima glottidis
Rima glottidis + vocal folds = glottis
Vestibular ligaments extend from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages (superior to vocal folds)
Covered with mucosa to form the vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
Play no role in sound production
Protect vocal cords
Opening between vestibular folds = rima vestibuli

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Vocal Folds
Figure 23.7a

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Vocal Folds
Figure 23.7b

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23.3a Larynx
Larynx anatomy (continued)
Extrinsic skeletal muscles
Stabilize larynx and help it move

during swallowing
Originate on hyoid bone or sternum; insert on thyroid cartilage
Intrinsic skeletal muscles
Located within larynx
Attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
Contraction results in change in dimension of rima glottidis
Narrowing with adduction; widening with abduction
Involved in voice production and swallowing

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23.3a Larynx
Sound production: vocal cord vibration
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow opening of

rima glottidis
Air is forced past vocal cords during expiration
Range of voice determined by length, thickness of vocal cords
Males have longer and thicker folds, and so deeper voices
Folds increase in length with growth, deepening range
Pitch (frequency) determined by tension on vocal cords
Increased tension = folds vibrate more = higher pitch
Regulated by intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Loudness depends on force of air passing across vocal cords
More air = louder sound

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23.3a Larynx
Sound production (continued)
Other structures are also necessary for speech
Pharynx, nasal

and oral cavities, and paranasal sinuses serve as resonating chambers
Lips, teeth, and tongue help form speech sounds

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Clinical View: Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx
Symptoms of hoarse voice, sore throat,

sometimes fever
Caused by bacterial or viral infection, or overuse (yelling)
Severe cases can extend to the epiglottis
May lead to sudden airway obstruction, especially in children

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23.3b Trachea
Gross anatomy of trachea (windpipe)
Flexible, slightly rigid, tubular organ
Goes from

larynx to main bronchi
Anterior to esophagus, posterior to part of sternum
About 13 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter
Tracheal cartilages support anterior and lateral walls
C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilages
Ensheathed in perichondrium and dense fibrous membrane
Ensure trachea is always open
Rings are connected to each other (above and below) by anular ligaments

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23.3b Trachea
Gross anatomy of the trachea (continued)
Carina: internal ridge at inferior

end of trachea (where it splits) containing many sensory receptors
Initiates cough reflex when irritants are present
Trachealis muscle and ligamentous membrane on trachea’s posterior surface
Connects open ends of C-shaped cartilages
Allow accommodation for esophagus when bulge of food passes
Trachealis contracts during coughing
Tracheotomy: incision in trachea to facilitate breathing
Done when airway is blocked or compromised

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Trachea
Carina

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Trachea
Figure 23.8a-c

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23.3b Trachea
Histology of the tracheal wall
Layers, inner to outer
Mucosa: pseudostratified ciliated

columnar epithelium and lamina propria
Submucosa: areolar connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves, serous and mucous glands, lymphatic tissue
Tracheal cartilage
Adventitia: elastic connective tissue

Figure 23.8d

Слайд 72

Trachea Low Magnification
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Submucosa
Perichondrium
Cartilage

Слайд 73

Trachea High Magnification
Tracheal epithelium
Cilia
Ciliated cells
Goblet cells
Nuclei of basal cells
Basement membrane
Lamina propria
Submucosa

Слайд 74

23.3c Bronchial Tree
Bronchial tree: system of highly branched air passages
Originates at

main bronchi, branches to more narrow tubes
Ends in small bronchiole passageways
Gross anatomy of bronchial tree
Trachea splits into right and left main bronchi (primary bronchi) at level of sternal angle
Each bronchus enters a lung on its medial surface
Right bronchus shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented
Foreign particles more likely to lodge here

Слайд 75

Chest X-ray and Bronchogram

Слайд 76

Trachea and Main (Primary) Bronchi

Слайд 77

23.3c Bronchial Tree
Gross anatomy of the bronchial tree (continued)
Each main bronchus

branches into lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi)
Each extends into a lobe of the lung
Smaller in diameter than main bronchi
Further divide into segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi)
Tree continues to divide into smaller passageways
Leads to tubes of <1mm, the bronchioles
Leads to terminal bronchioles (last part of conducting zone)
Leads to respiratory bronchioles (first part of respiratory zone)

Слайд 78

Bronchial Tree
Figure 23.9

Слайд 79

Clinical View: Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi caused by bacterial or viral

infection or inhaled irritants
Acute bronchitis
Occurs during or after an infection
Coughing, sneezing, pain with inhalation, fever
Most cases resolving in 10 to 14 days
Chronic bronchitis
Occurs after long-term irritant exposure
Large amounts of mucus, and cough lasting >3 months
Permanent changes to bronchi occur
Increases likelihood of future bacterial infections

Слайд 80

23.3c Bronchial Tree
Histology of the bronchial tree
Main bronchi are supported by

incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage (keep them open)
Wall support (cartilage) lessens as bronchi divide
Bronchioles have no cartilage
Have proportionally thicker layer of smooth muscle
Muscle contraction narrows bronchiole diameter
Bronchoconstriction = less air through bronchial tree (less entry of potentially harmful substances)
Muscle relaxation increases bronchiole diameter
Bronchodilation = more air through the bronchial tree

Слайд 81

Structure of the Bronchial Wall
Figure 23.10

Слайд 82

Clinical View: Asthma
Episodes of bronchoconstriction, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and

excess mucus
Asthmatic with sensitivity to airborne agent
Localized immune reaction occurs in bronchi and bronchioles
Walls of the bronchi becoming permanently thickened
Primary treatments
Inhaled steroids
Bronchodilators

Слайд 83

23.3d Respiratory Zone: Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli
Respiratory zone structures are

microscopic
Respiratory bronchioles subdivide to alveolar ducts
Alveolar ducts lead to alveolar sacs, clusters of alveoli
Alveoli = saccular outpocketings
Epithelium
Respiratory bronchioles lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
Alveoli and alveolar ducts lined by simple squamous
Thinness facilitates gas exchange

Слайд 84

Bronchioles and Alveoli
Figure 23.11a

Слайд 85

23.3d Respiratory Zone: Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli
Alveoli
Each lung contains 300

to 400 million
Alveolar pores: openings providing collateral ventilation
Surrounded by pulmonary capillaries
Divided by interalveolar septum
Contain elastic fibers

Figure 23.11c

Слайд 86

23.3d Respiratory Zone: Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli
Cell types of alveolar

wall
Simple squamous alveolar type I cells
95% of alveolar surface area
Part of thin barrier separating air from blood
Alveolar type II cells (septal cells)
Secrete oily pulmonary surfactant
Coats inside of alveolus and opposes collapse during expiration
Alveolar macrophage (dust cells)
Leukocytes that engulf microorganisms
Either fixed in alveolar wall or free to migrate

Слайд 87

23.3e Respiratory Membrane
The respiratory membrane
Thin barrier between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
Consists

of
Alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane
Capillary epithelium and its basement membrane
Oxygen diffuses from alveolus into capillaries
Erythrocytes become oxygenated
Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to alveolus
Expired to external environment

Слайд 88

Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane
Figure 23.12

Слайд 89

What did you learn?
What makes one speech sound have a higher

pitch than another?
How does the structure of tracheal cartilages complement their function?
How do bronchi and bronchioles differ?
What are the differences between Type I and Type II cells in alveoli?

Слайд 90

23.4 Lungs
Describe the location and general structure of the lungs.
Compare and

contrast the right versus left lung.
Distinguish between the two types of blood circulation through the lungs.
Describe the innervation of lung structures by the autonomic nervous system.

Learning Objectives:

Слайд 91

23.4 Lungs (continued)
Describe the pleural membranes and pleural cavity.
Explain the function

of serous fluid in the pleural cavity.
Explain the anatomic properties that keep the lungs inflated.

Learning Objectives:

Слайд 92

23.4a Gross Anatomy of the Lung
Lungs are in thorax on either

side of mediastinum
House bronchial tree and all respiratory portions of respiratory system
Each lung has a conical shape
Wide concave base atop diaphragm
Apex (cupula) points superiorly just behind clavicle

Слайд 93

Rt. and Lt. Lungs

Слайд 94

Lungs

Слайд 95

Chest X-ray and Bronchogram

Слайд 96

23.4a Gross Anatomy of the Lung
Lung surfaces
Costal surface adjacent to ribs
Mediastinal

surface adjacent to mediastinum
Diaphragmatic surface adjacent to diaphragm
Hilum
Indented region on lung’s mediastinal side
Bronchi, pulmonary vessels, autonomic nerves, lymph vessels pass through here
These structures collectively termed the root of the lung

Слайд 97

Position of the Lungs
Figure 23.13

Слайд 98

23.4a Gross Anatomy of the Lung
Right lung is larger and wider

than left lung
Has three lobes divided by two fissures
Horizontal fissure separates superior (upper) lobe from middle lobe
Oblique fissure separates middle lobe from inferior (lower) lobe
Left lung is smaller than right due to heart’s position
Has two lobes divided by one fissure
Oblique fissure separates superior and inferior lobes
Lingula: projection from superior lobe that is homologous to right lung’s middle lobe
Three surface indentations accommodate heart and aorta
Cardiac impression on medial surface
Cardiac notch on anterior surface
Groovelike impression for aorta on medial surface

Слайд 99

Right Lung
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Horizontal
fissure
Oblique
fissure

Слайд 100

Left Lung
Oblique
fissure
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe

Слайд 101

Cardiac Impression

Слайд 102

Figure 23.14
Lungs

Слайд 103

23.4a Gross Anatomy of the Lung
Each lung has multiple bronchopulmonary segments
10

segments in right lung; 8 to 10 in left lung
Autonomous units encapsulated with connective tissues
Each supplied with its own segmental bronchus
Supplied with its own pulmonary artery and vein and lymph vessels
Can be removed individually in cases of disease
Each segment organized into lobules
Each supplied by a terminal bronchiole, arteriole, venule, and lymph vessel

Слайд 104

Bronchopulmonary Segments and Lobules of the Lungs
Figure 23.15

Слайд 105

Clinical View: Smoking
Causes respiratory changes with increased chance of
Respiratory infections
Cellular or

genetic changes to the lungs
Emphysema
Cancer of the lungs, esophagus, stomach, and pancreas
Stomach ulcers
Atherosclerosis
Lower birth weight babies in pregnant women
Poor delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all systemic tissues
Bronchitis, asthma, and ear infections from secondhand smoke

Слайд 106

23.4b Circulation to and Innervation of the Lungs
Blood supply
Two types of

circulation in the lungs
Pulmonary circulation
Bronchial circulation
Pulmonary circulation replenishes O2, eliminates CO2
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to pulmonary capillaries
Blood is reoxygenated
Blood enters pulmonary venules and veins, returns to left atrium

Слайд 107

Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary trunk
Lt. Pulmonary artery
Lt. Lung
Lt. Pulmonary veins
Rt. Pulmonary veins
Lt. Atrium

Слайд 108

23.4b Circulation to and Innervation of the Lungs
Blood supply (continued)
Bronchial circulation

transports oxygenated blood to tissues of lungs
Bronchial arteries (3 or 4) branch off descending aorta
Bronchial veins collect venous blood
Some drains into the pulmonary veins

Слайд 109

Pulmonary Circulation of the Lungs
Figure 23.16

Слайд 110

Clinical Views: Lung Cancer
Highly aggressive malignancy with early metastasis
Originates in respiratory

epithelium
Caused by smoking in 85% of cases
Symptoms of chronic cough, coughing up blood, excess pulmonary mucus, increased pulmonary infections
Three basic patterns
Squamous cell carcinoma
Most common; arises from pseudostratified columnar epithelium; changes to stratified squamous to withstand chronic injury
Adenocarcinoma
Arises from mucin-producing glands
Small-cell carcinoma
Originates from neuroendocrine cells in the bronchi

Слайд 111

23.4b Circulation to and Innervation of the Lungs
Lymph drainage
Lymph vessels and

nodes located:
Within lung’s connective tissue
Around bronchi
In pleura
Important in removing excess fluid from the lungs
Lymph filtered through lymph nodes
Collects particles and pollutants not removed by cilia

Слайд 112

23.4b Circulation to and Innervation of the Lungs
Innervation of the respiratory

system
Autonomic nervous system innervates smooth muscles and glands of respiratory structures
Sympathetic input from T1–T5 generally causes bronchodilation
Parasympathetic from vagus causes bronchoconstriction
Sends signals to larynx from vagus nerve

Слайд 113

23.4c Pleura Membranes and Pleural Cavity
Pleura: serous membrane
Outer lining of lung

surfaces and adjacent thoracic wall
Composed of simple squamous epithelium
Visceral pleura adheres to lung surface
Parietal pleura lines
Internal thoracic walls
Lateral surface of mediastinum
Superior surface of diaphragm
Each lung enclosed in a separate visceral pleural membrane
Helps limit spread of infections

Слайд 114

Pleura Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity

Слайд 115

Parietal and Visceral Pleurae

Слайд 116

23.4c Pleura Membranes and Pleural Cavity
Pleural cavity
Located between visceral and parietal

serous membranes
When lungs are inflated, considered a potential space
Visceral and parietal layers almost touching
Serous fluid produced by serous membranes
Covers pleural cavity surface
Lubricates, allowing pleural surfaces to slide by easily
Each pleural cavity has <15 mL fluid
Drained continuously by lymph

Слайд 117

Clinical View: Pleurisy and Pleural Effusion
Pleurisy = inflammation of the pleural

membranes
Severe chest pain with breathing
Inflamed membranes with increased friction between visceral and parietal pleura
Usually only one side affected
Pleural effusion = excess fluid in the pleural cavity
Can cause shortness of breath and chest pain
Potential causes
Systemic factors: failure of the left side of the heart, pulmonary embolism, cirrhosis of the liver
Lung infections or lung cancer

Слайд 118

23.4d How Lungs Remain Inflated
Intrapleural pressure (between membranes) is low
Chest wall

configured to expand outward
Lungs cling to chest wall due to serous fluid’s surface tension
Elastic tissue of lungs pulls inward
Because intrapulmonary pressure (in alveoli) is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, lungs remain inflated

Слайд 119

Pleural Membranes and Pressures Associated with Lungs
Figure 23.17

Слайд 120

Clinical Views: Pneumothorax and Atelectasis
Pneumothorax = free air in the pleural

cavity
Air introduced externally—penetrating wound to the chest
Air introduced internally—rib lacerates lung or alveolus ruptures
May cause intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures to equalize
Small pneumothorax resolves spontaneously
Large pneumothorax is a medical emergency
Need to insert a tube into the pleural space to remove air
Atelectasis = deflated lung portion
Occurs if intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures equalize
Remains collapsed until air removed from pleural space

Chapter 23 - Part 1 Lecture Outline

Содержание

The Respiratory SystemRespiration is gas exchange: O2 for CO2 Occurs between

Aerobic Cellular RespirationOxygenCarbon DioxideATP

23.1 Introduction to the Respiratory SystemState the functions of the respiratory

23.1a General Functions of the Respiratory SystemAir passagewayAir moves from atmosphere

23.1a General Functions of the Respiratory SystemSound productionAir moves across vocal

23.1b General Organization of the Respiratory SystemStructural organizationUpper respiratory tractLarynx and

Upper Respiratory TractNoseNasal cavity SinusesPharynxLarynxMRI

Upper Respiratory MRI: CoronalBrainEthmoid air cellsMaxillary sinusesSuperior nasal conchaMiddle nasal conchaInferior

Lower Respiratory X-ray: Posterior – Anterior View TracheaBronchial TreeLungs

General Anatomy of the Respiratory System Figure 23.1

23.1c Respiratory MucosaMucosa = mucous membrane: respiratory liningEpithelium resting on a

Respiratory MucosaFigure 23.2a

Respiratory MucosaFigure 23.2b

Respiratory Epithelium High MagnificationRespiratory epitheliumCiliaColumnar epithelial cellsGoblet cellsBasal cellsBasement membraneLamina propria

23.1c Respiratory MucosaMucous secretionsProduced from secretions ofGoblet cells of epithelial liningMucous

What did you learn?What is the difference between the conducting and

23.2 Upper Respiratory TractDescribe the structure and function of the nose.Provide

23.2a Nose and Nasal CavityNose: first conducting structure for inhaled airFormed

Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 23.3a,b

23.2a Nose and Nasal CavityNasal cavity: from nostrils to choanae An

Nasal Cavity and ChoanaeNaresNasal CavityNasal SeptumNasopharynxSoft PalateUvulaChoanaeHard Palate

Nasal SeptumPerpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer

Nasal SeptumVomerPerpendicular plateSeptal nasal cartilage

23.2a Nose and Nasal CavityThe nasal conchaeThree paired, bony projections on

Nasal vestibuleChoanaNasal septumHard palateNaresNoseSuperior nasal conchaMiddle nasal conchaInferior nasal conchaSuperior nasal

Nasal Conchae-MRISuperiorMiddleInferiorSeptum

23.2a Nose and Nasal CavityNasal cavity partsNasal vestibule: just inside nostrilsLined

Olfactory Region16-Olfactory tractOlfactory bulbOlfactory nervesOlfactory mucosa

Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 23.3c,d

23.2a Nose and Nasal CavityNasolacrimal ductsDrain lacrimal secretions from eye surfaces

Clinical View: Runny NoseRhinorrhea (runny nose) occurs as a result ofIncreased

23.2b Paranasal SinusesParanasal sinuses: spaces within skull bonesNamed for specific bone

MaxillaryFrontalEthmoidSphenoidParanasal Sinuses

23.2b Paranasal SinusesLined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Mucus swept into

Paranasal sinuses

Clinical View: Sinus Infections and Sinus HeadachesRespiratory infection or allergy can cause

23.2c PharynxPharynx (throat)Funnel-shaped passageway posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity, and

NasopharynxOropharynxLaryngopharynxPharynx (throat)

PharynxOropharynxNasopharynxLaryngopharynx

23.2c PharynxNasopharynx: most superior part of pharynxPosterior to nasal cavity, superior

23.2c PharynxOropharynx: middle pharyngeal regionPosterior to oral cavityExtends from soft palate

23.2c PharynxLaryngopharynx: inferior, narrow region of pharynxPosterior to the larynxFrom level

PharynxFigure 23.5b

What did you learn?What are vibrissae?Between which conchae is the middle

23.3 Lower Respiratory TractDescribe the general functions and structure of the

23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract (continued)Explain the processes of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation.Describe

23.3 Lower Respiratory TractIncludes conducting pathways from larynx to terminal bronchiolesIncludes

23.3a LarynxLarynx (voice box)Cylindrical airway between laryngopharynx and tracheaSeveral functionsAir passageway

22.3a LarynxSeveral functions (continued) Participates in sneeze and cough reflexesHelp remove

LarynxEpiglottisVocal cords

Larynx

23.3a LarynxLarynx anatomyLaryngeal inlet (laryngeal aperture) connects pharynx and larynx Larynx

23.3a LarynxLarynx anatomy (continued)Thyroid cartilage: large, shield-shapedForms lateral and anterior walls

23.3a LarynxLarynx anatomy (continued)Smaller, paired cartilages located internallyArytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiformAll

Larynx - AnteriorThyroid cartilageCricoid cartilageEpiglottisCircothyroid ligamentThyrohyoid membrane

Larynx - PosteriorLaryngeal cartilagesEpiglottisThyroidCricoidArytenoidCorniculate

LarynxFigure 23.6

Larynx - LateralEpiglottisThyroid cartilageVestibularfoldVocal fold

23.3a LarynxLarynx anatomy: ligaments (continued)Vocal ligaments extend between thyroid and arytenoid

Vocal FoldsFigure 23.7a

Vocal FoldsFigure 23.7b

23.3a LarynxLarynx anatomy (continued)Extrinsic skeletal musclesStabilize larynx and help it move

23.3a LarynxSound production: vocal cord vibrationIntrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow opening of

23.3a LarynxSound production (continued)Other structures are also necessary for speechPharynx, nasal

Clinical View: LaryngitisInflammation of the larynxSymptoms of hoarse voice, sore throat,

23.3b TracheaGross anatomy of trachea (windpipe)Flexible, slightly rigid, tubular organGoes from

23.3b TracheaGross anatomy of the trachea (continued)Carina: internal ridge at inferior

TracheaCarina

Trachea Figure 23.8a-c

23.3b TracheaHistology of the tracheal wallLayers, inner to outerMucosa: pseudostratified ciliated

Trachea Low MagnificationEpitheliumLamina propriaSubmucosaPerichondriumCartilage

Trachea High MagnificationTracheal epitheliumCiliaCiliated cellsGoblet cellsNuclei of basal cellsBasement membraneLamina propriaSubmucosa

23.3c Bronchial TreeBronchial tree: system of highly branched air passagesOriginates at

Chest X-ray and Bronchogram

The Respiratory System
Respiration is gas exchange: O2 for CO2
Occurs between

Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
ATP

23.1 Introduction to the Respiratory System
State the functions of the respiratory

23.1a General Functions of the Respiratory System
Air passageway
Air moves from atmosphere

23.1a General Functions of the Respiratory System
Sound production
Air moves across vocal

23.1b General Organization of the Respiratory System
Structural organization
Upper respiratory tract
Larynx and

Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
MRI

Upper Respiratory MRI: Coronal
Brain
Ethmoid air cells
Maxillary sinuses
Superior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Inferior

Lower Respiratory X-ray: Posterior – Anterior View
Trachea
Bronchial Tree
Lungs

General Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Figure 23.1

23.1c Respiratory Mucosa
Mucosa = mucous membrane: respiratory lining
Epithelium resting on a

Respiratory Mucosa
Figure 23.2a

Respiratory Mucosa
Figure 23.2b

Respiratory Epithelium High Magnification
Respiratory epithelium
Cilia
Columnar epithelial cells
Goblet cells
Basal cells
Basement membrane
Lamina propria

23.1c Respiratory Mucosa
Mucous secretions
Produced from secretions of
Goblet cells of epithelial lining
Mucous

What did you learn?
What is the difference between the conducting and

23.2 Upper Respiratory Tract
Describe the structure and function of the nose.
Provide

23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity
Nose: first conducting structure for inhaled air
Formed

Upper Respiratory Tract
Figure 23.3a,b

23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity
Nasal cavity: from nostrils to choanae
An

Nasal Cavity and Choanae
Nares
Nasal Cavity
Nasal Septum
Nasopharynx
Soft Palate
Uvula
Choanae
Hard Palate

Nasal Septum
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Vomer

Nasal Septum
Vomer
Perpendicular plate
Septal nasal cartilage

23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity
The nasal conchae
Three paired, bony projections on

Nasal vestibule
Choana
Nasal septum
Hard palate
Nares
Nose
Superior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Superior nasal

Nasal Conchae-MRI
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Septum

23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity
Nasal cavity parts
Nasal vestibule: just inside nostrils
Lined

Olfactory Region
16-
Olfactory tract
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory nerves
Olfactory mucosa

Upper Respiratory Tract
Figure 23.3c,d

23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity
Nasolacrimal ducts
Drain lacrimal secretions from eye surfaces

Clinical View: Runny Nose
Rhinorrhea (runny nose) occurs as a result of
Increased

23.2b Paranasal Sinuses
Paranasal sinuses: spaces within skull bones
Named for specific bone

Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Paranasal Sinuses

23.2b Paranasal Sinuses
Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Mucus swept into

Clinical View: Sinus Infections and Sinus Headaches
Respiratory infection or allergy can cause

23.2c Pharynx
Pharynx (throat)
Funnel-shaped passageway posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity, and

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Pharynx (throat)

Pharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx

23.2c Pharynx
Nasopharynx: most superior part of pharynx
Posterior to nasal cavity, superior

23.2c Pharynx
Oropharynx: middle pharyngeal region
Posterior to oral cavity
Extends from soft palate

23.2c Pharynx
Laryngopharynx: inferior, narrow region of pharynx
Posterior to the larynx
From level

Pharynx
Figure 23.5b

What did you learn?
What are vibrissae?
Between which conchae is the middle

23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract
Describe the general functions and structure of the

23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract (continued)
Explain the processes of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation.
Describe

23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract
Includes conducting pathways from larynx to terminal bronchioles
Includes

23.3a Larynx
Larynx (voice box)
Cylindrical airway between laryngopharynx and trachea
Several functions
Air passageway

22.3a Larynx
Several functions (continued)
Participates in sneeze and cough reflexes
Help remove

Larynx
Epiglottis
Vocal cords

23.3a Larynx
Larynx anatomy
Laryngeal inlet (laryngeal aperture) connects pharynx and larynx
Larynx

23.3a Larynx
Larynx anatomy (continued)
Thyroid cartilage: large, shield-shaped
Forms lateral and anterior walls

23.3a Larynx
Larynx anatomy (continued)
Smaller, paired cartilages located internally
Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform
All

Larynx - Anterior
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
Circothyroid ligament
Thyrohyoid membrane

Larynx - Posterior
Laryngeal cartilages
Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid
Corniculate

Larynx
Figure 23.6

Larynx - Lateral
Epiglottis
Thyroid
cartilage
Vestibular
fold
Vocal fold

23.3a Larynx
Larynx anatomy: ligaments (continued)
Vocal ligaments extend between thyroid and arytenoid

Vocal Folds
Figure 23.7a

Vocal Folds
Figure 23.7b

23.3a Larynx
Larynx anatomy (continued)
Extrinsic skeletal muscles
Stabilize larynx and help it move

23.3a Larynx
Sound production: vocal cord vibration
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow opening of

23.3a Larynx
Sound production (continued)
Other structures are also necessary for speech
Pharynx, nasal

Clinical View: Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx
Symptoms of hoarse voice, sore throat,

23.3b Trachea
Gross anatomy of trachea (windpipe)
Flexible, slightly rigid, tubular organ
Goes from

23.3b Trachea
Gross anatomy of the trachea (continued)
Carina: internal ridge at inferior

Trachea
Carina

Trachea
Figure 23.8a-c

23.3b Trachea
Histology of the tracheal wall
Layers, inner to outer
Mucosa: pseudostratified ciliated

Trachea Low Magnification
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Submucosa
Perichondrium
Cartilage

Trachea High Magnification
Tracheal epithelium
Cilia
Ciliated cells
Goblet cells
Nuclei of basal cells
Basement membrane
Lamina propria
Submucosa

23.3c Bronchial Tree
Bronchial tree: system of highly branched air passages
Originates at