Historic Gardens Restoration: St. Petersburg Case Study

Июль 27, 2022

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Historic Gardens Restoration: St. Petersburg Case Study

Содержание

2. St. Petersburg Historic Gardens Restoration
3. St. Petersburg Tsar Peter the Great (1682-1725) aspired to emulate all aspects of European civilisation. That
4. Capital of Russian Empire (1712-1917) Naval and Mercantile port (Neva River, Gulf of Finland) Application of
5. Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments was included in the UNESCO World
6. Leningrad: the 900 days Siege (“Blokada”): 1941-1944 2 million Russians lost their lives 500 000 people
7. Tsar’s Russian Parks and Gardens Despite substantial Western influence, the parks of all the large Imperial
8. Historical gardens and parks restoration. Creation of strong scientific school of restoration and garden conservation
9. Historical Gardens Restoration School Peterhof: Upper Park in 1944 Peterhof: Upper Park in 1998
11. Amber Room (Ekaterininsky Palace), Tsarskoye Selo
12. Restoration traditions in St. Petersburg Started with theoretical foundation in 1930’s in St. Petersburg by Tatyana
13. Restoration, Reconstruction and Conservation experience over 50 years Book of N. Ilyinskaya “Restoration of Landscape Architecture
14. St. Petersburg School of Garden Restoration. The Process: I Preliminary works Field works and inventory (geodesic
15. Preliminary documentation Planning and design aims and objectives of restoration Detailed historical overview with analysis Historical
16. II Restoration projects St. Petersburg concept: if park has not experienced serious changes during the history,
17. 3 Project Documentation Example of White Birch Area of Pavlovsky Park Pre-project documentation Analyses of historical
18. The most recent examples of a major restoration: Strelna Palace and Park (2003)
19. Strelna Palace
20. Examples of restoration and reconstruction of historic parks in St. Petersburg and its suburbs
21. Panoramic view of Peterhof
22. Peterhof: Upper Park
23. Peterhof: Lower Park
27. Peterhof: Marli 1981 2009
33. Peterhof: aviary
34. HISTORY AND RESTORATION OF ST. PETERSBURG SUMMER GARDEN: RETURNING TO THE ROOTS
35. Summer Garden – the biggest restoration project in Europe at the beginning of the 21st century
36. Summer Garden Several periods in the garden’s history construction and development (1704-171;1711-1716;1717-1727; 1727-1762; 1762-1800) The place,
37. Boundaries of the Summer Garden: identified from the beginning Part of the garden complex: the First
38. Summer Garden Typical early eighteenth century formal structure with a geometrical system of alleys, parterres, and
39. Probably the Tsar himself suggested the initial plan of the Garden. Peter the Great: interested in
40. Very peculiar garden in St. Petersburg: the only composition which is associated with the early period
41. European marble sculpture: new ‘sign system’, the iconography for a new Russian baroque art. Allegorical glorification
42. Middle of the 18th century: golden age of the Summer Garden. 222 sculptures from Roman and
43. Flood 1777 destroyed the fountain system Vegetation grew without trimming Transferred to the public garden.
44. Summer Garden in the 20th Century Survived the Blockade (no one tree was cut) in 1941-1944
45. Summer Garden – the people’s place
46. In the 20th century, the Summer Garden is the main part of the historic green "heart"
47. Summer Garden: Restoration Question of restoration has been raised since the 1940’s First scientifically sound restoration
48. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUMMER GARDEN VEGETATION From the beginning: broad-leaved trees domination: lime (Tilia cordata and
49. Changes of the tree species composition in the Summer Garden
50. Summer Garden: Restoration In 2004: the Summer Palace and Summer Garden moved under the jurisdiction of
51. Proportion of diseased and healthy trees
52. Master plan of the Summer Garden restoration. Archtects N. Ivanov, N. Mirzoeva. St. Petersburg Institute “Lenproektrestavratsiya”.
53. Summer Garden in the 21st Century: restoration project Realisations: Private firms with expertise from the St.
54. Restoration Project To restore formal structure (by the time of the ”golden age” - the middle
55. Summer Garden Restoration During the archaeological escavations 10 fountains from the beginning of the XVIII century
56. Summer Garden: Restoration Main concern: the condition of trees in the garden, some of them are
57. Trees treatment procedure Three hundred tree came through the process of special treatment (pruning, root fertilising,
58. Summer Garden Restoration Some of the fountains were recreated according to historic documents and archeological studies
59. Summer Garden Restoration Some of bosquets: reconstruction according to historical data.
60. Restoration Project Restored some fountains Restored 4 main bosquets according to the Peter the Great time
61. Bosquet "Menazheriyny Pond" is an artificial reservoir
62. "The Bird Yard" where visitors can see the specially made houses for the birds.
63. Restoration concept During the restoration works there was a special attitude towards preserving the garden’s character.
64. Towards formal garden of early 18th century Many other reconstructed elements which were typical for formal
66. Unique marble sculpture was restored as well Severe damage by time and air pollution: it was
67. Restoration concept Keep its historical meaning and identity during the reconstruction of the Garden. Using historical
68. Use of Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingon) as a substitution of Buxus sempervirens (box tree) Maria’s Master’s Thesis:
69. Maria’s experiments with lingon in historic parterres
70. Using lingon in the Summer Garden, planting of 2011
71. Restoration: the concept Important task to maintain and improve ecological condition and to became the urban
72. Summer Garden Restoration: debates Historic Garden: not one garden , but several gardens (beginning, middle of
73. Summer Garden was open in May 2012 Many questions are still there: How old trees would
74. European Garden Heritage Network or the EGHN partnership http://cmsen.eghn.org 2003: 11partners from Germany, England and France
75. European Garden Award 2013 Three categories: Best Development of a Historic Park or Garden Most Innovative
77. Скачать презентацию

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St. Petersburg Historic Gardens Restoration

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St. Petersburg
Tsar Peter the Great
(1682-1725) aspired to emulate all aspects

of European civilisation.
That is why all principles of politics, economy, science, art--including the garden art--came to Russia.
St. Petersburg-”Window to Europe”

Baltic Sea

Lake Ladoga

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Capital of Russian Empire (1712-1917)
Naval and Mercantile port (Neva River, Gulf

of Finland)
Application of the principles of Baroque landscape design to urban planning

St. Petersburg

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Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments was

included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991

Main axis: Nevski Prospect (3 km)

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Leningrad: the 900 days
Siege (“Blokada”): 1941-1944
2 million Russians lost their

lives
500 000 people are buried in the Piskarevskoye Cemetery’s 186 mass graves
A lot of destruction in the city
All famous tsar’s residence in the nearest suburbs were destroyed

St. Petersburg: tragic days

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Tsar’s Russian Parks and Gardens
Despite substantial Western influence, the parks of

all the large Imperial residences of Peter the Great, Elizabeth Petrovna, Catherine the Great ( both formal and landscape) had features that differed markedly from their European counterparts.
Russian parks have a specific approach to planning structure and to separate details (parterres, bosquets, species of trees, shrubs and flowers).

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Historical gardens and parks restoration. Creation of strong scientific school of

restoration and garden conservation

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Historical Gardens Restoration School
Peterhof: Upper Park in 1944
Peterhof: Upper Park in

1998

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Amber Room (Ekaterininsky Palace), Tsarskoye Selo

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Restoration traditions in St. Petersburg
Started with theoretical foundation in 1930’s in

St. Petersburg by Tatyana Dubyago
After the WWII beginning of restoration in barbarically destroyed parks and palaces of St. Petersburg and its suburbs
Developing of strong scientifically based restoration concept
All restoration works were financed by the Soviet Government
The matter of prestige

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Restoration, Reconstruction and Conservation experience over 50 years
Book of N. Ilyinskaya

“Restoration of Landscape Architecture Historical Monuments. St. Petersburg. 1993
Summary of St. Petersburg park and garden restoration, reconstruction and conservation experience

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St. Petersburg School of Garden Restoration. The Process: I Preliminary works
Field works

and inventory (geodesic survey, engineering geology, soils, water system, topography, road system, vegetation condition, architecture
Archeological excavations
Archive, museums, library research: work with historical documents, maps, photos, engravings

Archeological works in Summer Garden, St. Petersburg

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Preliminary documentation
Planning and design aims and objectives of restoration
Detailed historical overview

with analysis
Historical map of the particular period on which the park should be reconstructed
Dendrological plan of the current situation with existing vegetation
Combined plan of planning structure, buildings and green areas
Perspective plan of the surrounding areas and park’s borders
Plan of roads and hydrological system
Photos of existing conditions

Perspective plan of St. Petersburg, 1764-1773

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II Restoration projects
St. Petersburg concept: if park has not experienced serious

changes during the history, the recommendation is to restore this park on the period “the prosperity of park and palace complex”

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3 Project Documentation
Example of White Birch Area of Pavlovsky Park
Pre-project documentation

Analyses of historical plans (scale 1: 2000)
Dendrological plan
Combined plan of aero photo survey (1940) with current proposed plan
Graphic analysis of park’s perspectives (special method proposed by architect Tverskoy)
Sketches of existing landscapes from the most crucial points
Scheme of restoration steps (1, 2, 3 etc.)
Model (1:1000)
General plan
Photos before and after restoration
Projects of individual details in bigger scales
Vertical planning and the road construction
Drainage project
Budget

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The most recent examples of a major restoration: Strelna Palace and

Park (2003)

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Strelna Palace

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Examples of restoration and reconstruction of historic parks in St. Petersburg

and its suburbs

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Panoramic view of Peterhof

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Peterhof: Upper Park

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Peterhof: Lower Park

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Peterhof: Marli
1981
2009

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Peterhof: aviary

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HISTORY AND RESTORATION OF ST. PETERSBURG SUMMER GARDEN: RETURNING TO THE

ROOTS

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Summer Garden – the biggest restoration project in Europe at the

beginning of the 21st century

The oldest garden in St. Petersburg (1704)
Peter the Great favourite city’s residence
Russian interpretation of European formal garden principles
11 hectars

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Summer Garden
Several periods in the garden’s history construction and development (1704-171;1711-1716;1717-1727;

1727-1762; 1762-1800)
The place, where the garden was founded, was open and swampy.
Prior to St. Petersburg’s foundation: the Swedish estate, Usadiss Hoff

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Boundaries of the Summer Garden: identified from the beginning
Part of the

garden complex: the First and Second Garden (the area of Peter the Great’s Summer Garden), the Third Garden which is now the current Mikhailovsky Garden, and the “Big Meadow” (current Mars Field).

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Summer Garden
Typical early eighteenth century formal structure with a geometrical system

of alleys, parterres, and bosquets.
Unusual feature of the planning structure is the asymmetrical location of the palace

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Probably the Tsar himself suggested the initial plan of the Garden.

Peter the Great: interested in garden art and ordered books from abroad to study gardens and fountains.
Invited talented architects and gardeners such as Ivan Matveev, Andreas Schluter, Jan Roosen, Ivan Zemtsov, and Alexander Le Blond.
Used for official receptions and celebrations.
Peter’s true paradise.

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Very peculiar garden in St. Petersburg: the only composition which is

associated with the early period of Dutch garden culture.
Surrounded by two natural rivers and the artificially
made Lebyazhy (Swan) canal.
Water came straight to the palace wall.
Abundance of water and the chamber character of the Garden with its cosy green rooms create the space in a very human scale.

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European marble sculpture: new ‘sign system’, the iconography for a new

Russian baroque art.
Allegorical glorification the activity of Russian Tsar as a successful politician and patron of the arts who was leading his state to prosperity and peace.

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Middle of the 18th century: golden age of the Summer Garden.

222 sculptures from Roman and Venetian schools,
50 fountains, the amphitheatre and cascade, the Carp Pond, the palace, the Grotto with Water Organ, bosquets with different decorative elements, several greenhouses, the Labyrinth and a series of other buildings.

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Flood 1777 destroyed the fountain system
Vegetation grew without trimming

Transferred to the public garden.

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Summer Garden in the 20th Century
Survived the Blockade (no one tree

was cut) in 1941-1944
Replacement of damaged trees and conservation management after the Second World War
Shady garden
One of the most favourite places for citizens

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Summer Garden – the people’s place

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In the 20th century, the Summer Garden is the main part

of the historic green "heart" of St. Petersburg
It is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List (Historic Centre of St. Petersburg and related group of monuments) in 1991

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Summer Garden: Restoration
Question of restoration has been raised since the

1940’s
First scientifically sound restoration work in the Summer Garden (led by Professor Dubyago)
This work was interrupted by the Second World War. During the Blockade on the territory a few bombs were dropped on the garden, but the trees were generally not affected.
1940 and 1970: two restoration projects were suggested.
Both projects were never fully implemented.

Summer Garden. Restoration Project. Masterplan. Architect T. Dubyago. 1947-1948.
Courtesy: KGIOP

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUMMER GARDEN VEGETATION
From the beginning:
broad-leaved trees domination: lime

(Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos), maple (Acer platanoides), oak (Quercus robur), ash (Fraxinus excelsior)

Dynamic of the age composition of Summer Garden trees

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Changes of the tree species composition in the Summer Garden

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Summer Garden: Restoration
In 2004: the Summer Palace and Summer Garden moved

under the jurisdiction of the State Russian Museum.
For the first time the conceptual design of the garden restoration has been displayed for public consideration.
The project, designed by architects of Lenproektrestavratsiya Institute, initiated a serious discussion.
Not all of the suggested ideas have been recognized and and accepted for implementation.
The restoration concept had been constantly discussed at the special Committee consisting of specialists from the Russian Museum, State Inspection for Monument Protection and the project’s authors.
The garden project took six years to complete.

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Proportion of diseased and healthy trees

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Master plan of the Summer Garden restoration. Archtects N. Ivanov, N.

Mirzoeva. St. Petersburg Institute “Lenproektrestavratsiya”. OOO”Rest-Art-Proekt”. Courtesy: S. Renny

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Summer Garden in the 21st Century: restoration project
Realisations: Private firms with

expertise from the St. Petersburg Inspection of the Monument Protection
Multimillion project
Very contreversial, many debates, protests and multimedia involvment

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Restoration Project
To restore formal structure (by the time of the ”golden

age” - the middle of the18th century)
Major treatment works for old trees
To cut ill trees in the bosquets-groves (lightining, thinning).
Restore wooden berso and pavillions.

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Summer Garden Restoration
During the archaeological escavations 10 fountains from the beginning

of the XVIII century and a small harbour foundation were discovered in the southern facade of the Summer Palace.

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Summer Garden: Restoration
Main concern: the condition of trees in the garden,

some of them are at least 300 years old.
The trees have grown, and the garden started to be very shady.
Creation of favorable conditions for fungial disease
24 species of pests were recorded. The most dangerous among them is wood fungi, because they spread rapidly and are able to destroy not only the old or young trees, but damage the marble sculpture as well.
Some damaged trees were removed and replaced with new plantings of appropriate tree species, suitable to our climate.

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Trees treatment procedure
Three hundred tree came through the process of special

treatment (pruning, root fertilising, hollows treatment): aiming to protect and improve their condition.
Root fertilization with mineral fertilizers
Special investigation of old trees was performed by an impulse tomograph ‘Arbotom’ which helps to estimate the inner trunk conditions.
Crown thinning was done by the method of industrial alpinism when specially trained people climbed on trees and manually performed required pruning.

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Summer Garden Restoration
Some of the fountains were recreated according to historic

documents and archeological studies

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Summer Garden Restoration
Some of bosquets: reconstruction according to historical data.

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Restoration Project
Restored some fountains
Restored 4 main bosquets according to the Peter

the Great time (including small pond)
Highlighted the formal structure by resoring the wooden trellises
Restored the parterre with historical plant material (lingon)

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Bosquet "Menazheriyny Pond" is an artificial reservoir

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"The Bird Yard" where visitors can see the specially made houses

for the birds.

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Restoration concept
During the restoration works there was a special attitude towards

preserving the garden’s character.
Spatial composition of this garden - a big volume of trees which plays a significant role in the densly built historic centre - was preserved.

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Towards formal garden of early 18th century
Many other reconstructed elements which

were typical for formal gardens of Peter the Great’s time: trimmed hedges along the alleys, berso and the embrodery parterre along the Swan canal.

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Unique marble sculpture was restored as well
Severe damage by time and

air pollution: it was decided to keep the original sculpture inside the museum and replace it with copies.

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Restoration concept
Keep its historical meaning and identity during the reconstruction of

the Garden.
Using historical plant material
Vaccinium vitis-idaea as substitution of box tree

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Use of Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingon)
as a substitution of Buxus sempervirens (box

tree)

Maria’s Master’s Thesis: Restoration of 18th Century Baroque Parterres in Parks of Peterhof and Strelna

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Maria’s experiments with lingon in historic parterres

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Using lingon in the Summer Garden, planting of 2011

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Restoration: the concept
Important task to maintain and improve ecological condition and

to became the urban biodiversity hotspot

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Summer Garden Restoration: debates
Historic Garden: not one garden , but several

gardens (beginning, middle of 18th century, 19th century and 20th century)
During latest restoration, 19th century Summer Garden was lost

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Summer Garden was open in May 2012
Many questions are still there:
How

old trees would be doing after significant pruning and major construction works?
We can loose an important spatial structure (big trees)-the green ”Heart”?
How the new spatial structure will be accepted by citizens?
New museum regime (may be the fee entrance?). How would it work?

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European Garden Heritage Network or the EGHN partnership http://cmsen.eghn.org
2003: 11partners from

Germany, England and France joined to form the EGHN within the European INTRERREG IIIB NorthWestEurope Programme
Task: policies and measures to improve the framework, conditions and support for management and enhancement of parks and gardens.
Activities were taken to improve the way they market their park and garden landscapes and to inspire greater interest in them.
Introduction of innovative measures and projects, signalling their intention to change the way we think about parks and gardens and the part they can play in the sustainable development of their regions.
In 2013 includes more than 150 parks and gardens in ten European countries.
European Garden Award started in 2010.
Nominations are based on: innovative implementation and management, urban development aspects, sustainability, good visitor services or voluntary work as well as on high quality of restoration or modern design of a park or garden. The finalists and winners are sought after as inspirational and as models for other projects.

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European Garden Award 2013
Three categories:
Best Development of a Historic Park or

Garden
Most Innovative Conemporary Concept or Design of a Park or Garden
Special Award of the Schloss Dyck Foundation In the first category “Best Development of a Historic Park or Garden“ Park of Monserrate (Portugal) was the winner, while the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg (Russia) and Gunnebo Castle and Garden (Sweden) were selected as finalists.

Historic Gardens Restoration: St. Petersburg Case Study

Содержание

St. Petersburg Historic Gardens Restoration

St. PetersburgTsar Peter the Great (1682-1725) aspired to emulate all aspects

Capital of Russian Empire (1712-1917)Naval and Mercantile port (Neva River, Gulf

Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments was

Leningrad: the 900 days Siege (“Blokada”): 1941-19442 million Russians lost their

Tsar’s Russian Parks and GardensDespite substantial Western influence, the parks of

Historical gardens and parks restoration. Creation of strong scientific school of

Historical Gardens Restoration SchoolPeterhof: Upper Park in 1944Peterhof: Upper Park in

Amber Room (Ekaterininsky Palace), Tsarskoye Selo

Restoration traditions in St. PetersburgStarted with theoretical foundation in 1930’s in

Restoration, Reconstruction and Conservation experience over 50 yearsBook of N. Ilyinskaya

St. Petersburg School of Garden Restoration. The Process: I Preliminary works Field works

Preliminary documentationPlanning and design aims and objectives of restorationDetailed historical overview

II Restoration projectsSt. Petersburg concept: if park has not experienced serious

3 Project DocumentationExample of White Birch Area of Pavlovsky ParkPre-project documentation

The most recent examples of a major restoration: Strelna Palace and

Strelna Palace

Examples of restoration and reconstruction of historic parks in St. Petersburg

Panoramic view of Peterhof

Peterhof: Upper Park

Peterhof: Lower Park

Peterhof: Marli19812009

Peterhof: aviary

HISTORY AND RESTORATION OF ST. PETERSBURG SUMMER GARDEN: RETURNING TO THE

Summer Garden – the biggest restoration project in Europe at the

Summer GardenSeveral periods in the garden’s history construction and development (1704-171;1711-1716;1717-1727;

Boundaries of the Summer Garden: identified from the beginningPart of the

Summer GardenTypical early eighteenth century formal structure with a geometrical system

Probably the Tsar himself suggested the initial plan of the Garden.

Very peculiar garden in St. Petersburg: the only composition which is

European marble sculpture: new ‘sign system’, the iconography for a new

Middle of the 18th century: golden age of the Summer Garden.

Flood 1777 destroyed the fountain system Vegetation grew without trimming

Summer Garden in the 20th CenturySurvived the Blockade (no one tree

Summer Garden – the people’s place

In the 20th century, the Summer Garden is the main part

Summer Garden: Restoration Question of restoration has been raised since the

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUMMER GARDEN VEGETATION From the beginning:broad-leaved trees domination: lime