Электрокардиография – ЭКГ Electrocardiography - ECG

Содержание

Слайд 2

Электрокардиогра́фия definition - a technique for recording and studying the electric

Электрокардиогра́фия definition

- a technique for recording and studying the electric fields generated

during the work of the heart.
Слайд 3

Hystory В 1901 году Виллем Эйнтховен, работавший в Лейдене (Нидерланды), использовал

Hystory

В 1901 году Виллем Эйнтховен, работавший в Лейдене (Нидерланды), использовал струнный

гальванометр: первый практический ЭКГ-аппарат.
1906 г.  Эйнтховен издает первое в мире руководство по электрокардиографии.
В 1924 году Эйнтховен был удостоен Нобелевской премии по медицине за новаторскую работу по разработке ЭКГ-аппарата

Awarded the Nobel Prize

Слайд 4

Leads ECG II III I aVR aVL aVF V1 V2 V4 V5 V6 V3

Leads ECG

II

III

I

aVR

aVL

aVF

V1

V2

V4

V5

V6

V3

Слайд 5

Waves of ECG Р q s T R QRS R Q

Waves of ECG

Р

q s

T

R

QRS

R Q QS QR rS rsR'

1 mV

=10 мм
1 мм = 0,1 mV
Слайд 6

Intervals and segments interval PQ (PR) Сегмент ST segment PQ Интервал QT Сегмент ТР

Intervals and segments

interval PQ (PR)

Сегмент ST

segment PQ

Интервал QT

Сегмент ТР

Слайд 7

Слайд 8

ECG description outline 1. Heart rate / cердечный ритм Sinus rhythm

ECG description outline 1. Heart rate / cердечный ритм

Sinus rhythm

criteria :
- P (+) II
- behind each P QRS
- constant form of P
- PQ > 120 мс

II

Слайд 9

2. Frequency and regularity of rhythm 25 мм/с – 1 мм

2. Frequency and regularity of rhythm

25 мм/с – 1 мм

– 0,04 sec
50 мм/с – 1 мм – 0,02 сек
60/(R-R)c (bradycardia <60 (55) bpm, tachycardia> 90 (80*) bpm)
ΔRR < 10% (>10% - sinus arrhythmia)

R-R 20 мм

Частота ритма=60/(20*0,04)=75

Слайд 10

3. p wave (зубец) The shape, duration ( LA hypertrophy I

3. p wave (зубец)

The shape, duration (<100 ms) and amplitude (<2.5

mm) of the p wave in leads II, V1 are analyzed to detect an increase in the left and right atria

LA hypertrophy
I II aVL V5 V6

RA hypertrophy
II III aVF

V1

p >100 ms
duration

P > 2,5 mm amplitude

Слайд 11

4. Interval PQ N 120-200 мс >200 ms – AV block

4. Interval PQ

N 120-200 мс
>200 ms – AV block

Слайд 12

5. QRS 5.1. QRS duration If the sinus QRS width is

5. QRS

5.1. QRS duration <100 ms
If the sinus QRS width

is more than 100 ms , then a blockade of the His bundle branch (HBBB) is diagnosed: incomplete (100-120 ms) or complete (≥120 ms)
3 reasons of QRS widerning: HBBB, ventricular origin, WPW syndrom
Слайд 13

5.2. Determination of the electrical axis of the heart N axis

5.2. Determination of the electrical axis of the heart

N axis 0-90o
RII

> RI > RIII

aVL

аVR

aVF

I

II

III

+

+

+

Слайд 14

Deviation of the axis to the left aVL аVR aVF I

Deviation of the axis to the left

aVL

аVR

aVF

I

II

III

+

+

+

RI>RII>RIII

Слайд 15

Deviation to the right aVL аVR aVF I II III + + + RIII>RII>RIII

Deviation to the right

aVL

аVR

aVF

I

II

III

+

+

+

RIII>RII>RIII

Слайд 16

0º (I) +90º (aVF) -90º - + -50º +45º +120º Отклонение

0º (I)

+90º (aVF)

-90º

-

+

-50º

+45º

+120º

Отклонение ЭОС влево

Нормальное расположение ЭОС

Отклонение
ЭОС вправо

Слайд 17

5.3. Q wave– along or preceding negative wave in QRS A

5.3. Q wave– along or preceding negative wave in QRS

A normal

q wave is recorded in V4-V6,
- in I and aVL with horizontal EAH,
- in II, III, aVF with vertical EAH.
Pathological q wave (sign of necrosis):
> 30 ms width
> 2 mV (20 mm) or > 25% R
(> 15% R V4-V6)
Слайд 18

5.4. R and S waves All positive waves of QRS complex

5.4. R and S waves

All positive waves of QRS complex are

R waves
The R wave should grow from V1 to V4
S -subsequent negative wave of QRS complex
S should decrease from V1 to V4
Слайд 19

r S R`

r

S

R`

Слайд 20

6. ST segment The ST segment must be on the isoline

6. ST segment

The ST segment must be on the isoline (a

deviation of 0.5 mm is permissible)
The elevation of the ST segment is estimated in 40 ms from point j
ST segment depression is assessed in 60-80 ms from point j
In V1-V3, it is normal for ST elevation up to 2.5 mm with a bulge downward


N

ischemic

Слайд 21

J -point Point j is the place of the visible end of the QRS complex! J-точка

J -point

Point j is the place of the visible end of

the QRS complex!

J-точка

Слайд 22

Слайд 23

7. Т wave Analysis of the shape and amplitude of the

7. Т wave

Analysis of the shape and amplitude of the T

wave in all leads
The most informative, when analyzing dynamics

Ischemic T
Ишемический Т

Слайд 24

8. QT interval N 450 ms QT has a significant direct

8. QT interval

N 450 ms
QT has a significant direct dependence on

the duration of the RR interval (or inversely from the heart rate)
QTc - corrected QT
Bazett's formula QTc = QT: √RR
Causes of lengthening: Long QT syndrome, medication (amiodarone, antibiotics, antihistamines)
Слайд 25