The Structure of the Nervous System

Июль 22, 2022

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The Structure of the Nervous System

Содержание

2. The Structure of the Nervous System The human brain is merely a variation on a plan
3. The Structure of the Nervous System Three parts that are common to all mammals: the cerebrum
4. The Structure of the Nervous System The Cerebrum the largest part of the brain has two
5. The Structure of the Nervous System The Cerebellum is lying behind the cerebrum. contains as many
6. The Structure of the Nervous System The Brain Stem forms the stalk from which the cerebral
8. The Structure of the Nervous System The Spinal Cord is encased in the bony vertebral column
9. The Structure of the Nervous System The Spinal Cord The spinal cord communicates with the body
10. The Structure of the Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The PNS has two parts:
11. The Structure of the Nervous System The Somatic PNS all the spinal nerves that innervate the
12. The Structure of the Nervous System The Visceral PNS (involuntary, vegetative, autonomic nervous system) consists of
13. The Structure of the Nervous System There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from
15. The Meninges The CNS is protected by three membranes collectively called the meninges. dura mater arachnoid
16. The Meninges There is subdural space between dura matter and arachnoid membrane. There is subarachnoid space
17. The Ventricular System The ventricular system is the fluid filled caverns and canals inside the brain.
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The Structure of the Nervous System
The human brain is merely a

variation on a plan that is common to the brains of all mammals

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The Structure of the Nervous System
Three parts that are common to

all mammals:
the cerebrum
the cerebellum
the brain stem

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The Structure of the Nervous System
The Cerebrum
the largest part of the

brain
has two cerebral hemispheres, separated by the deep sagittal fissure.
In general, the right cerebral hemisphere receives sensations from, and controls movements of the left side of the body.

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The Structure of the Nervous System
The Cerebellum
is lying behind the

cerebrum.
contains as many neurons as both cerebral hemispheres combined.
is primarily a movement control center that has extensive connections with the cerebrum and the spinal cord.
the left side of the cerebellum is concerned with movements of the left side of the body, and the right side of the cerebellum is concerned with movements of the right side.

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The Structure of the Nervous System
The Brain Stem
forms the stalk from

which the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum sprout.
is a complex nexus of fibers and cells that in part serves to relay information from the cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum, and vice versa.
is part of brain where vital functions are regulated, such as breathing, consciousness, and the control of body temperature.
damage to the brain stem is usually fatal.

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The Structure of the Nervous System
The Spinal Cord
is encased in the

bony vertebral column
is attached to the brain stem
is the major conduit of information from the skin, joints, and muscles of the body to the brain, and vice versa
A transection of the spinal cord results in anesthesia (lack of feeling) in the skin and paralysis of the muscles in parts of the body caudal to the cut.

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The Structure of the Nervous System
The Spinal Cord
The spinal cord communicates

with the body via the spinal nerves
Each spinal nerve attaches to the spinal cord by means of two branches, the dorsal root and the ventral root
the dorsal root contains axons bringing information into the spinal cord
the ventral root contains axons carrying information away from the spinal cord

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The Structure of the Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The PNS

has two parts:
the somatic PNS
the visceral PNS.

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The Structure of the Nervous System
The Somatic PNS
all the spinal nerves

that innervate the skin, the joints, and the muscles that are under voluntary control
The somatic motor axons derive from motor neurons in the ventral spinal cord.
The cell bodies of the motor neurons lie within the CNS, but their axons are mostly in the PNS
The somatic sensory axons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal roots
The cell bodies of sensory neurons lie outside the spinal cord in dorsal root ganglia

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The Structure of the Nervous System
The Visceral PNS
(involuntary, vegetative, autonomic nervous

system)
consists of the neurons that innervate the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands
visceral sensory axons (afferent) bring information about visceral function to the CNS
visceral motor axons (efferent) command
the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles
the rate of cardiac muscle contraction
the secretory function of various glands

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The Structure of the Nervous System
There are 12 pairs of cranial

nerves that arise from the brain stem and innervate (mostly) the head
Each cranial nerve has a name and a number associated with it
Some of the cranial nerves are part of the
CNS
somatic PNS
visceral PNS

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The Meninges
The CNS is
protected by three membranes collectively called the meninges.
dura

mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater
The dura matter forms a tough, inelastic bag that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

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The Meninges
There is subdural space between dura matter and arachnoid membrane.
There

is subarachnoid space between arachnoid membrane and pia matter.
Subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) .
The pia mater is a thin membrane that adheres
closely to the surface of the brain.

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The Ventricular System
The ventricular system is the fluid filled caverns and

canals inside the brain.
The fluid is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
CSF is produced by choroid plexus in the ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres.
CSF flows from the paired ventricles to a series of connected, central cavities at the core of the brain stem.