Carbohydrate metabolism

Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

OAA transport

The overall equation:

2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + H+ + 4

Insulin

Stimulate glucose transport into cells
Induses synthesis of glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase
Activates

Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis regulation

Bi-functional enzyme

Bi-functional enzyme

I/G↑

I/G↓

Regulation of phosphofructokinase activity

Regulation of
pyruvate kinase activity

Glycogen Metabolism Glycogen in the cell

Glycogen structure

Glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis)

Glycogen syntase

glycogen branching enzyme

Glycogen synthase
inactive

Glycogen synthase
active

Phosphatase

Protein kinase

P

OH

Regulation of glycogen synthase activity

Degradation of glycogen Glycogen phosphorylase

Action of debranching enzyme

Glycogen metabolism regulation

Glycogenosis

Gierke's disease, glycogenosis type I

Hepatocytes with large vacuoles

Intracellular
glycogen

Glycogenosis type I

Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency

Pompe’s disease, glycogenosis type II

α-1,4-glucosidase deficiency

Corey's disease, glycogenosis type III

Amilo-(1-6)-glycosidase and (or) glycogen branching enzyme deficiency

Andersen's disease, glycogenosis type IV

glycogen branching enzyme deficiency

McArdle's disease, glycogenosis type V

Muscle phosphorylase deficiency

PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT) Oxidative phase

Xylulose-5 phospate

Epimerase

Isomerase

Ribose-5 phospate

Ribulose-5 phospate

Nucleotides
Nucleic Acids

Nonoxidative phase

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

The overall equation:

6 G-6-P + 12 NADP+ + 7 H2O →
→