Вода – простой взгляд на химический состав

можно ими управлять?

Подходы
Какие подходы использовать применимо к тематике водоподготовки?

Накипь и коррозия
Что это?
Как предсказать риск появления?
Можно ли остановить?

АНАЛИЗ
Что необходимо знать о воде?
Какой тест использовать?
Как разобрать анализ воды?

PENTAIR Технологии водоподготовки
Что мне нужно, чтобы выбрать правильную технологию?
Какие существуют технологии водоподготовки?
Какую технологию следует применить?

практике?

ВОДА: H2O

Вода – химический компонент, это связаны между собой молекулы водорода и кислорода.
Водой мы называем жидкую форму. Твердая форма –лед, а газообразная форма- пар.

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИ

на практике?
ВОДОПРОВОДНАЯ ВОДА - это химический и
минеральный «суп»
содержит множество других минералов и химических компонентов, кроме H2O
они могут быть в растворенном или
взвешенном виде

H2O

механически

Они делают воду мутной при перемешивании

Химического происхождения

Добавлены преднамеренно, например - хлорирование

Органические, от гниения растений

Они влияют на вкус, запах и цвет

Растворенные частицы

Это могут быть:

Растворенные частицы, жидкости, газы

Как правило – незаметны визуально, но заметно влияют на свойства воды, в которой растворены

Микробиологического происхождения

Это живые организмы, которые размножаются делением.

Это могут быть споры, бактерии, вирусы, водоросли и грибки

коррозии

От спор, бактерий, канцерогенов и тяжелых металлов

Вода должна быть способна раскрывать и подчеркивать качество продуктов, в приготовлении которых используется.

Зеленый/ Голубой
Медь: хлориды и сульфаты

Железо: сульфаты и карбонаты

Белый
Сульфат кальция (гипс)

Коричневый
Карбонат магния

нет!

Причины коррозии

Коррозионные соли

Экстремально низкое значение pH

накипи?

НАКИПЬ

0

+1

+2

+3

-1

КОРРОЗИЯ

-2

-3

Extreme scale

Extreme corrosion

Mild
corrosion

Mild scale

Balance

Индекс накипи

1

1,1

1,2

1,3

0,9

КОРРОЗИЯ

0,8

0,7

Extreme carbonate

Extreme corrosion

Mild corrosion

Mild carbonate

Balance

Индекс коррозии

3

HCO -

=

Коррозионные соли

Буферная щелочность

pH

=

T

Ca2+

+

+

+

3

HCO -

НАКИПЬ

[ppm as CaCO3]

Индекс Накипи

Индекс коррозии

3

HCO -

CI

=

pH

SI

=

T

Ca2+

+

+

+ HCO3

-

Ca2+

Mg2+

K+
Na+

HCO3

-

SO4

2-

Cl2 [ppm as element]
Водопроводная вода

NO -

3
Cl-

TH Общая жесткость

TDS Общее солесодержание

Карбонатная жесткость(Общая щелочность)

катионы

анионы

–TDS – TH – TA или более

РЕШЕНИЕ ПО ВОДОПОДГОТОВКЕ

частицы

TDS

Микробиологическое

Споры, вирусы, бактерии, грибок
МЕХАНИЧЕСКАЯ ФИЛЬТРАЦИЯ

УГОЛЬНЫЙ ФИЛЬТР

Ag-ION

Субмикронная фильтрация

Мембрана обратного осмоса (для пестицидов)

Хлор и органика
(вкус – запах – цвет)

Контроль TDS – ингибиторы накипи
Изменение TDS – ионный обмен
Удаление TDS – мембрана обратного осмоса

µ

75 µ волос
4 µ спора
0,2 µ бактерия

1) Механическая очистка воды

загрязнениях

Fe ? Na

Нет накипи
Нет Ca и Mg в воде
Большое количество Na в воде

Полу-умягчение при помощи ионов водорода

Ca, Mg, Fe ? H ? CO2

Нет накипи

Образование CO2

снижение pH

Входящая вода

Результат

%

Индекс востановления
Процентное соотношение ПЕРМЕАТА к входящей воде

STD RO WASTE

OSMOTIC WATER

Обратный осмос представляет собой продолжительный и медленный процесс очистки,- поэтому после мембраны устанавливают накопительные емкости.

REMOVE TDS WITH RO

защита от микробов

Распространение бактерий

Образование, которое блокирует фильтр

Поглощение бактерий

Препятствие разножению бактерий и блокировки фильтра

index Percentage of inlet water that is transformed in permeate water

STD RO WASTE

OSMOTIC WATER

Reverse Osmosis is a continuous and slow process. That’s the reason why we always need a storage tank after the membrane to be able to manage water peak demands.

REMOVE TDS WITH RO

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

during the busiest day of the year?
How many peaks demand do you have in that day?
How long does each peak last?
How is the consumption of water
during each peak demand?

RIGHT SIZING FOR PEAK DEMANDS
Knowing peak demands Knowing RO permeate flowrate
Right Sized RO System
+
Right Sized Pressurized Tank

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

peak demand
+
Effective water in the tank
=
Water consumed in peak demand X 1,5

RIGHT SIZING FOR PEAK DEMANDS
Knowing peak demands Knowing effective tank water capacity

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

PEAK DEMANDS

CHECK PRESSURE FOR A STABLE AND CONSISTENT BLEND

TO ACHIEVE A LONGER LIFE THE PUMP SHOULD RUN MAX 6 HOURS A DAY
TO COVER THE AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION
(NOT THE BUSIEST DAY)

CHECK AGAIN THE BEST RO SOLUTION FOR THAT
APPLICATION

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

PLATEMOUNT
FAMILY
MRS 100-225-350

MRS 600 HE 1
MRS 600 HE 2

Espresso applications

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

EN
onboard storage TANK
4CB5 – Post Tank Filter
4CC - Post treatment
Blending valve

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

protection
reduce health contaminants
inhibits any potential bacterial growth
Scale Inhibitor
selected for scale inhibition

4FC5 S – pretreatment cartridge
Fiberdyne™II carbon block

CONSERV® 75 E – FEATURES

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

pump more
efficiently
safer to interact with when not contained within the system
makes the system more
adaptable

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

rate: 96% also at high TDS level
Recovery rate: 50%
Scale and lead reduction
3 times water saved

GRO WASTE

STD RO WASTE

OSMOTIC
WATER

x 3 water saved

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

US GAL)
Effective storage: 3,79 liter
Pre-charged pressure: 1,7 bar
On board storage tank holds up to 4 liters of osmotic water

OPTIONAL:
Additional storage tank up to 6 US GAL (11,3 effective litres)

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

micron carbon block
remove small particles, chlorine taste and odor
Post treatment necessary to avoid the taste and odor contamination of the membrane present in osmotized water storage tank

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

addition is desirable for applications that require some hardness to achieve optimum results

4CC – Remineralization cartridges
Calcite Feeder
Provides corrosion inhibition of low
TDS content waters
Increases water hardness by

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

content of the water
Specifications on the unit require a minimum 40 psi for the blend to be consistent
If incoming pressure changes, so does the blend
consistency
Water Pressure Regulator Valves (WPRV) placed on both the incoming line and the RO line insure the water pressure stays at a minimum of 40 psi
This results in more consistent and stable TDS
levels
In House Testing is currently being performed at different incoming pressures and the TDS is being recorded. (An incoming pressure of 70 psi still resulted in an acceptable and stable TDS level)

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

quiet

Efficient, 50% water saving
Easy maintenace
Modular solution for multi-application
Specially designed for Espresso

B x H x D 475 x 431 x 260
[mm]

Pre-assembled solution nicely designed
Wall mount

Countertop
Undercounter

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

< 60

Espresso Machines
Espresso machines in combination with:
Low volume drip brewed coffee
Hot water boilers
Low volume food service equipment with less than 11,3 liters per hour of RO blended water
Coffee machines qualified with an
appropriate size accessory

DRAIN

WATER INLET

OUTLET

Pre filtered water

Ice Machines

OUTLET TARGET WATER SPECIFICATIONS

INLET WATER LIMITS SPECIFICATIONS

189 liters per day

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

BILLEMON COFFEE LAB (BARISTA PROFESSIONAL)

Test starting with FULLY CHARGED SYSTEM

Average up to 4 drinks per minute, NON STOP

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

FOR INTERNAL USE.

OVERVIEW

1 – COMPONENTS CHECK

2 – CHECK TANK PRESSURE

3 – INSTALL THE GRO MEMBRANE WITHOUT FLUSHING IT

4 – INSTALL THE FLUSHING PIPE AND FLUSH ALL CARTRIDGES ONE BY ONE

5 – FLUSH THE GRO MEMBRANE

6 – CHECK TDS WITHOUT LAST 2 CARTRIDGES

7 – INSTALL ALL CARTRIDGES AND FLUSH THE WHOLE SYSTEM

8 – SYSTEM UP AND
RUNNING

FOLLOW
CONSERV MANUAL ORIGINAL INSTRUCTIONS
+
INSTALLING AND SERVICING
MANUAL by Ronny Billemon

The installation for CONSERV 75 S is the same procedure for 75 E, using different cartridges.

PRESSURE

3 – INSTALL THE GRO MEMBRANE WITHOUT FLUSHING IT

4 – INSTALL THE FLUSHING PIPE AND FLUSH ALL CARTRIDGES ONE BY ONE

5 – FLUSH THE GRO MEMBRANE

6 – CHECK TDS WITHOUT LAST 2 CARTRIDGES

7 – INSTALL ALL CARTRIDGES AND FLUSH THE WHOLE SYSTEM

8 – SYSTEM UP AND
RUNNING

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

PRESSURE

3 – INSTALL THE GRO MEMBRANE WITHOUT FLUSHING IT

4 – INSTALL THE FLUSHING PIPE AND FLUSH ALL CARTRIDGES ONE BY ONE

5 – FLUSH THE GRO MEMBRANE

6 – CHECK TDS WITHOUT LAST 2 CARTRIDGES

7 – INSTALL ALL CARTRIDGES AND FLUSH THE WHOLE SYSTEM

8 – SYSTEM UP AND
RUNNING

PRECHARGE AIR 1,72 bar (25 PSI)

If pressure is lower than 1,72 bar, use a compressor with an adaptor to fill the tank with air. Do not use CO2 compressor.

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

PRESSURE

3 – INSTALL THE GRO MEMBRANE WITHOUT FLUSHING IT

4 – INSTALL THE FLUSHING PIPE AND FLUSH ALL CARTRIDGES ONE BY ONE

5 – FLUSH THE GRO MEMBRANE

6 – CHECK TDS WITHOUT LAST 2 CARTRIDGES

7 – INSTALL ALL CARTRIDGES AND FLUSH THE WHOLE SYSTEM

8 – SYSTEM UP AND
RUNNING

Inlet valve CLOSE

Connect GRO membrane

Don’t stress JG piping !!

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

PRESSURE

3 – INSTALL THE GRO MEMBRANE WITHOUT FLUSHING IT

4 – INSTALL THE FLUSHING PIPE AND FLUSH ALL CARTRIDGES ONE BY ONE

5 – FLUSH THE GRO MEMBRANE

6 – CHECK TDS WITHOUT LAST 2 CARTRIDGES

7 – INSTALL ALL CARTRIDGES AND FLUSH THE WHOLE SYSTEM

8 – SYSTEM UP AND
RUNNING

Install flushing pipe before the pump

Connect it to drain

Flush all filter cartridges one by one using the right side filter head, with 4FC5S last, so can stay in position for 5 minutes

Install blinds plugs in both filter heads on left side

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

PRESSURE

3 – INSTALL THE GRO MEMBRANE WITHOUT FLUSHING IT

4 – INSTALL THE FLUSHING PIPE AND FLUSH ALL CARTRIDGES ONE BY ONE

5 – FLUSH THE GRO MEMBRANE

6 – CHECK TDS WITHOUT LAST 2 CARTRIDGES

7 – INSTALL ALL CARTRIDGES AND FLUSH THE WHOLE SYSTEM

8 – SYSTEM UP AND
RUNNING

WHY WE HAVE TO
FLUSH RO MEMBRANE

Pentair membrane modules are stored in a 1.5% sodium bisulfite solution to protect RO membranes from biological growth and to help maintain performance over time.
It is recommended to flush the system to drain with feed
water (PREFILTERED with 4FC5-S cartridge) for 24 hours

It is possible to flush the cartridge for less time, it depends by application,. Ask to tech support for additional info.

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

PRESSURE

3 – INSTALL THE GRO MEMBRANE WITHOUT FLUSHING IT

4 – INSTALL THE FLUSHING PIPE AND FLUSH ALL CARTRIDGES ONE BY ONE

5 – FLUSH THE GRO MEMBRANE

6 – CHECK TDS WITHOUT LAST 2 CARTRIDGES

7 – INSTALL ALL CARTRIDGES AND FLUSH THE WHOLE SYSTEM

8 – SYSTEM UP AND
RUNNING

WHY WE HAVE TO CHECK TDS NOW
Check TDS now, without 4CB5 and 4CC cartridges installed to be sure that nothing is influencing TDS lectures during the first start-up. During first installation, or with new cartridges, to avoid the possibility that new cartriges influence the lecture of TDS (conductivity, not TDS) for a short time, it’s possible to check TDS without last two cartridges installed.

Set the blending valve

Add a TEE and a sample valve to semplify TDS check service

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

PRESSURE

3 – INSTALL THE GRO MEMBRANE WITHOUT FLUSHING IT

4 – INSTALL THE FLUSHING PIPE AND FLUSH ALL CARTRIDGES ONE BY ONE

5 – FLUSH THE GRO MEMBRANE

6 – CHECK TDS WITHOUT LAST 2 CARTRIDGES

7 – INSTALL ALL CARTRIDGES AND FLUSH THE WHOLE SYSTEM

8 – SYSTEM UP AND
RUNNING

Flush the whole system filling and then emptying the tank two times

100 < VAC < 240
50 < Hz < 60

DRAIN

WATER INLET

OUTLET

Coffee
Machine

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

PRESSURE

3 – INSTALL THE GRO MEMBRANE WITHOUT FLUSHING IT

4 – INSTALL THE FLUSHING PIPE AND FLUSH ALL CARTRIDGES ONE BY ONE

5 – FLUSH THE GRO MEMBRANE

6 – CHECK TDS WITHOUT LAST 2 CARTRIDGES

7 – INSTALL ALL CARTRIDGES AND FLUSH THE WHOLE SYSTEM

8 – SYSTEM UP AND
RUNNING

It Is required to install all drain lines (concentrate water outlet) with an appropriate air-gap to prevent system damages in case of back over flow from drain lines.
All drains must be positioned at a lower height than the outlet, without twisting the pipes and without creating strange curves due to not to have a counter pressure

100 < VAC < 240
50 < Hz < 60

DRAIN

WATER INLET

OUTLET

Coffee
Machine

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

KIT

Check inlet TDS
Check outlet TDS
Adjust the blend valve if needed

EV997725

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

CONSERV® 75 E – MAINTENANCE

day
12 Liters per hour
0,2 Liters per minute
Extra tank up to 6 GAL (24 liters) nominal
Espresso Machine + little ice maker

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

FOR INTERNAL USE.

Filter
RO Membrane
Optional CC cartridge for
remineralization
Optional Blending valve

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

INTERNAL USE.

All drip coffee brewers and espresso machines, blending to 100-150 ppm
Iced tea brewers, 500 ppm blending to 100-200 ppm.
MRS 100BL producing up to 9 gph
MRS 225BL, producing up to 15 gph
Can be used on ice machines, 500 ppm blending to 300 ppm:
Flaker/Nugget:
MRS 100BL up to 800 lb flaker (almost 400 kg)
MRS 225BL up to 1400 lb flaker (almost 700 kg)
Cuber:
MRS 100BL up to 450 lb cuber (almost 225 kg)
MRS 225BL up to 800 lb cuber (almost 400 kg)
Combi and Boiler Steam Ovens (blending a small amount back to allow probes to read water levels, and to reduce corrosion potential)

INTERNAL USE.

INTERNAL USE.

to smaller size for right-sizing by:
On the MRS-225 replacing the 7TO and the MR-350 with the 6TO and MR-225
On the MRS-100 replacing the flow restrictor, and replacing the 7TO and the MR-350 with the 6TO and the MR-100.

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

CHECK

2 – CHECK TANK PRESSURE

3 – FLUSH CARTRIDGES (PRE AND POST) IN THE FIRST POSITION

4 – FLUSH THE MEMBRANE
IN ITS POSITION

5 – CHECK PRESSURE SWITCH (ON and OFF)

6 – SET TDS WITHOUT LAST
CARTRIDGE

7 – PLACE ALL CARTRIDGES AND TAKE NOTES OF PRESSURE AT PUMPS AND AT OUTLET

8 – SYSTEM UP AND
RUNNING

Pre- charge at 20 psi (turn on pressure – 5 psi) 1,4 bar

Use first place to flush all BW cartridges, dripping water from membrane place . Flush until air is completely removed

Use first place to flush all BW cartridges, dripping water from membrane place until TDS are low and stable (rejection 85%)

The pressure switch turns on at 25 psi (1,7 bar) and off at 40 psi (2,8 bar). Use the hex key to adjust the off pressure (Clockwise rotation to decrease pressure)

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

filtration and all cartridges

Change the RO membrane

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

MRS 600 HE 2

right water quality to different equipment
On board Storage tank
High efficiency unit Rejection 90% Recovery 80%
600 gallon per day 2271 liter per day 94 liter per hour 1,5 liter per minute

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

Blending valve
Double pump to optimize performances
Self-cleaning unit (flushing
membrane automatically)
Different Flow restrictors to optimize the recovery

PRESSURE

3 – PLACE CAPILLARY RESTRICTORS (TABLE)

4 – FLUSH 2SR-BW AT
PUMP INLET

5 – FLUSH THE MEMBRANE

6 – SET TDS

7 – SET FLUSH TIME

START-UP

MAINTENANCE

CARTRIDGES – once per year

MEMBRANE – when output flowrates changes consistently (or 2 years)

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

performances

High efficiency unit Rejection 90% Recovery 80%
600 gallon per day 2271 liter per day 94 liter per hour 1,5 liter per minute

Blending valve
Double pump to optimize performances
Self-cleaning unit (flushing
membrane automatically)
Different Flow restrictors to optimize the recovery

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

INLINE Carbon Filter)

MEMBRANE – when output flowrates changes consistently (or 2 years)

1 – COMPONENTS CHECK

2 – CHECK TANK PRESSURE

3 – PLACE CAPILLARY RESTRICTORS (TABLE)

4 – FLUSH PREFILTRATION
7FS BW

5 – FLUSH THE MEMBRANE

6 – SET TDS

7 – SET FLUSH TIME

8 – FLUSH POSTFILTRATION

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

Booster System

PENTAIR

CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

MINI

MIDI

MAXI

Tank: 7,5 litre
Precharge 3,4 bar

Same pump: Pressure max 6 bar - Flowrate max 3,78 lpm

15-30% Energy Savings vs. Conventional Drive
VFD controls pump speed to meet peak demand
At low demand, VFD will slow the pump or switch it off accordingly
Whole-Store Foodservice Water Needs
This is a POU system for complete beverage and food-prep water
Provides up to 100-LPM flow (vs. 30-LPM estimated requirements)
Constant Pressure no matter the demand
Pump automatically speeds/slows to meet variable demand
Minimum 2.5-bar inlet pressure required
Set-point pressure factory set at 5.5-bar total outlet (ΔP 3.0-bar)
Outlet pressure set-point can be adjusted if necessary in store

2018 Comig Soon: Shurflo MULTIEVO

ASSURE WATER SUPPLY AT RIGHT AND CONSTANT PRESSURE
CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

PENTAIR

and performance

Electronic Variable Speed Drive Controller – outlet pressure set point can be adjusted via control menu

Integral Stainless Steel Pressurised Storage Tank – for immediate draw of pressurised water

Heavy Duty 240 VAC Pump Motor – for long life

Sensor– Measure the pressure in the outlet

ASSURE WATER SUPPLY AT RIGHT AND CONSTANT PRESSURE
CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND IS INTENDED ONLY FOR INTERNAL USE.

PENTAIR