Efferent peripheral NS: the autonomic votor divisions

Содержание

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Autonomic nervous system: A part of the nervous system that regulates

Autonomic nervous system: A part of the nervous system that regulates

key involuntary functions of the body, including the activity of the heart muscle; the smooth muscles, including the muscles of the intestinal tract; and the glands.
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Review (again)

Review (again)

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Autonomic Nervous System Responsible for control of involuntary or visceral bodily

Autonomic Nervous System

Responsible for control of involuntary or visceral bodily

functions
cardiovascular cardiovascular „
respiratory respiratory „
digestive digestive „
urinary urinary „
reproductive functions
Key role in the bodies response to stress
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Overview: The Parts of a Reflex

Overview: The Parts of a Reflex

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Autonomic Targets Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Exocrine Glands Some Endocrine glands Lymphoid Tissue Adipose

Autonomic Targets

Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Exocrine Glands
Some Endocrine glands
Lymphoid Tissue
Adipose

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Divisions of ANS Sympathetic Parasympathetic Metasympathetic

Divisions of ANS

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Metasympathetic

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Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically function in opposition to each other.

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically function in opposition to each other.

But this opposition is better termed complementary in nature rather than antagonistic. For an analogy, one may think of the sympathetic division as the accelerator and the parasympathetic division as the brake.
The sympathetic division typically functions in actions requiring quick responses.
The parasympathetic division functions with actions that do not require immediate reaction. Consider sympathetic as "fight or flight" and parasympathetic as "rest and digest".
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ANS 2 divisions: Sympathetic “Fight or flight” “E” division Exercise, excitement,

ANS

2 divisions:
Sympathetic
“Fight or flight”
“E” division
Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
Parasympathetic
“Rest

and digest”
“D” division
Digestion, defecation, and diuresis
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1. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an involuntary motor (efferent)

1. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an involuntary motor (efferent)

system.
2. Autonomic nerves are typically composed of a two-neuron chain. One neuron has its cell body in the central nervous system while the other is outside the CNS.
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Autonomic pathway: Two Efferent Neurons in Series Preganglionic neuron cell body

Autonomic pathway: Two Efferent Neurons in Series

Preganglionic neuron cell body in

CNS
Synapse in autonomic ganglion outside CNS (often divergence!)
Postganglionic neurons
target cells

N1

N2

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3. Although “involuntary”, the autonomic nervous system is regulated by higher

3. Although “involuntary”, the autonomic nervous system is regulated by higher

centers. The best known of these centers is the hypothalamus which has descending projections to cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons. Other areas of the central nervous system affect the activities of the hypothalamus.
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4. The autonomic nervous system consists of two divisions: a) the

4. The autonomic nervous system consists of two divisions:
a) the sympathetic

(or thoracolumbar) division in which the preganglionic cells are located in the thoracic and first two lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
b) the parasympathetic (or craniosacral) division in which the preganglionic neurons are located in the brain stem and in sacral (S2 - S4) segments of the spinal cord.
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Sympathetic “Fight or flight” “E” division Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

Sympathetic “Fight or flight” “E” division Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

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= Thoracolumbar division (T1 to L2) Preganglionic neurons (N1)from thoracolumbar region

= Thoracolumbar
division (T1 to L2)
Preganglionic neurons (N1)from

thoracolumbar region of spinal cord
Pre and paravertebral ganglia
Long postganglionic neurins (N2) secrete NE onto adrenergic receptors
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Sympathetic (preganglionic ): 1. The cell bodies giving rise to preganglionic

Sympathetic (preganglionic ):

1. The cell bodies giving rise to preganglionic neurons

(N1) are located in the intermediolateral column (lateral horn) of the gray matter in spinal cord segments T1 through L2.
2. Preganglionic fibers leave the spinal cord with the ventral roots of spinal nerves arising from cord segments T1 - L2.
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Sympathetic (postganglionic ): 1. The cell bodies giving rise to postganglionic

Sympathetic (postganglionic ):

1. The cell bodies giving rise to postganglionic neurons

(N2) are located in the paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic trunk (vertebral chain)).
2. Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia: celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, aorticorenal and renal.
.
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Sympathetic ganglia Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) – preganglionic fibers of

Sympathetic ganglia

Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) – preganglionic fibers of

the sympathetic NS that carry motor impulses to the body wall or thoracic cavity synapses in chain ganglia
Collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia) – group of second order neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region
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Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia Located on both sides of the vertebral column

Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia

Located on both sides of the vertebral column
Linked by

short nerves into sympathetic trunks
Joined to ventral rami by white and gray rami communicantes
Right and left sympathetic trunks extend from the base of the skull to the region of the coccyx; at their distal ends, the right and left trunks are fused.
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Prevertebral Ganglia Unpaired, not segmentally arranged Occur only in abdomen and

Prevertebral Ganglia

Unpaired, not segmentally arranged
Occur only in abdomen and pelvis
Lie anterior

to the vertebral column
Main ganglia
Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, inferior hypogastric ganglia
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The Organization of the Sympathetic Division of the ANS

The Organization of the Sympathetic Division of the ANS

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Copyright Sympathetic Pathways to Periphery Figure 15.9

Copyright

Sympathetic Pathways to Periphery

Figure 15.9

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Rejoin spinal nerves and reach their destination by way of the

Rejoin spinal nerves and reach their destination by way of the

dorsal and ventral rami
Those targeting structures in the thoracic cavity form sympathetic nerves
Go directly to their destination

Postganglionic fibers

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Copyright Sympathetic Pathways to Thoracic Organs

Copyright

Sympathetic Pathways to Thoracic Organs

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Sympathetic innervation via preganglionic fibers that synapse within collateral ganglia Splanchic

Sympathetic innervation via preganglionic fibers that synapse within collateral ganglia
Splanchic nerves

– carry fibers that synapse in collatheral ganglia

Abdominopelvic viscera

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Celiac ganglion Innervates stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen Superior mesenteric

Celiac ganglion
Innervates stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Innervates small

intestine and initial portion of large intestine
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
Innervates kidney, urinary bladder, sex organs, and final portion of large intestine

Abdominopelvic viscera

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Copyright Sympathetic Pathways to the Abdominal Organs

Copyright

Sympathetic Pathways to the Abdominal Organs

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Copyright Sympathetic Pathways to the Pelvic Organs

Copyright

Sympathetic Pathways to the Pelvic Organs

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Other important considerations: ganglion cells are usually located at some distance

Other important considerations:

ganglion cells are usually located at some distance from

the effectors. Accordingly, postganglionic sympathetic fibers are usually long fibers.

Acetylcholine (Ach) - pre-ganglionic ganglionic Neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine (NE) - post-ganglionic ganglionic Neurotransmitter

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Sympathetic Division A single sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon collaterals

Sympathetic Division

A single sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon collaterals and

may synapse with 20 or more postganglionic neurons.
The postganglionic axons typically terminate in several visceral effectors and therefore the effects of sympathetic stimulation are more widespread than the effects of parasympathetic stimulation.
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Sympathetic Variosities

Sympathetic Variosities

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Effects of Sympathetic Division cardiac output increases SA node: heart rate

Effects of Sympathetic Division

cardiac output increases
SA node: heart rate (chronotropic) β1,

: ↑cardiac muscle: contractility (inotropic) β1 ↑conduction at AV node β1 : increases
vascular smooth muscle: α = contracts; β2 = relaxes
smooth muscles of bronchioles β2: relaxes;
pupil of eye α1: relaxes
ciliary muscle β2 : relaxes
smooth muscles of GI tractα, β2: relaxes
sphincters of GI tract α1: contracts
glands of GI tract inhibits
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THE STRESS REACTION A stressful situation activates three major communication systems

THE STRESS REACTION

A stressful situation activates three major communication systems in

the brain that regulate bodily functions.
The first of these systems is the voluntary nervous system, which sends messages to muscles so that we may respond to sensory information.
The second communication system is the autonomic nervous system.
The brain’s third major communication process is the neuroendocrine system, which also maintains the body’s internal functioning.
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THE STRESS REACTION When stress occurs, the sympathetic nervous system is

THE STRESS REACTION

When stress occurs, the sympathetic nervous system is triggered.

Norepinephrine is released by nerves; epinephrine and norepinephrine is secreted by the adrenal glands. By activating receptors in blood vessels and other structures, these substances ready the heart and working muscles for action.
Acetylcholine is released in the parasympathetic nervous system, producing calming effects. The digestive tract is stimulated to digest a meal, the heart rate slows, and the pupils of the eyes become smaller. The neuroendocrine system also maintains the body’s normal internal functioning.
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The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are not infrequently

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are not

infrequently said to be antagonists in the sense of their having opposite effects
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Homeostasis and the Autonomic Division BP, HR, Resp., H2O balance, Temp.

Homeostasis and the Autonomic Division

BP, HR, Resp., H2O balance, Temp. .

.
Mostly dual reciprocal innervation
i.e., agonist/antagonist or excitatory/inhibitory
Sympathetic:
AKA Thoracolumbar
flight-or-fight
Parasympathetic:
AKA Craniosacral
rest and digest
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Other important considerations: ganglion cells are usually located at some distance

Other important considerations:

ganglion cells are usually located at some distance

from the effectors. Accordingly, postganglionic sympathetic fibers are usually long fibers.
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The terminations of most, but not all, sympathetic postganglionic fibers release

The terminations of most, but not all, sympathetic postganglionic fibers release

a substance (norepinephrine). Such postganglionic fibers are commonly called adrenergic fibers.
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The effects elicited by the action of the sympathetic division of

The effects elicited by the action of the sympathetic division of

the ANS are typically effects useful in “fight or flight”. These include dilation of the pupil, increase in heart rate, elevation of blood pressure, diversion of blood from the alimentary tract to skeletal muscles, etc.
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Parasympathetic “Rest and digest” “D” division Digestion, defecation, and diuresis

Parasympathetic “Rest and digest” “D” division Digestion, defecation, and diuresis

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Parasympathetic: Craniosacral or rest and digest Center of parasympathetic division the

Parasympathetic: Craniosacral or rest and digest Center of parasympathetic division the ANS


Has preganglionic cell bodies (N2) in the midbrain and brainstem and in sacral segments 2, 3 and 4 of the spinal cord.
The fibers of cells in the midbrain and brainstem are in the oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves. They innervate smooth muscles of the eye (III), lacrimal and salivary glands (VII and IX), and smooth muscles of the thoracic and abdominal viscera (X).

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The Organization of the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

The Organization of the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

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The Distribution of Parasympathetic Innervation

The Distribution of Parasympathetic Innervation

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= Craniosacral Division Long preganglionic axons from brain & S2- S4

= Craniosacral Division
Long preganglionic axons from brain & S2- S4

Intramural ganglia
Postganglionic (nonmyelinated) neurons secrete ACh onto cholinergic muscarinic receptors
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Parasympathetic: Craniosacral or rest and digest Center of parasympathetic division the

Parasympathetic: Craniosacral or rest and digest Center of parasympathetic division the ANS


The cell bodies giving rise to postganglionic neurons (N2) are located in the Intramural ganglia.

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The ganglion cells of the parasympathetic system are located in or

The ganglion cells of the parasympathetic system are located in or

on the wall of the organs supplied or in specific ganglia located near the organs supplied. Hence the postganglionic fibers are short.
Except for the vagus nerves, the area of distribution of parasympathetic nerves is somewhat limited. The number of synaptic connections is smaller than in the sympathetic division. Accordingly, the effects of the parasympathetic division tend to be local rather than widespread.
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Most postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release acetylcholine at their terminations. These fibers

Most postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release acetylcholine at their terminations. These fibers

are, hence, often called cholinergic fibers. They may also release a variety of peptides that influence smooth muscle activity.
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Summary: Pre- & Postganglionic Parasympathetic Neurons Release ACh muscarinic nicotinic Receptors N1 N2

Summary: Pre- & Postganglionic Parasympathetic Neurons Release ACh

muscarinic

nicotinic

Receptors

N1

N2

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All parasympathetic fibers release ACh Short-lived response as ACH is broken

All parasympathetic fibers release ACh
Short-lived response as ACH is broken down

by AChE and tissue cholinesterase

Neurotransmitters and parasympathetic functions

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Parasympathetic (muscarinic) cardiac output M2: decreases SA nodeSA node: heart rate

Parasympathetic (muscarinic)

cardiac output M2: decreases
SA nodeSA node: heart rate (chronotropic)

M2: decreases
cardiac musclecardiac muscle: contractility (inotropiccardiac muscle: contractility (inotropic) M2: decreases (atria only)
conduction at AV node M2: decreases
smooth musclessmooth muscles of bronchioles M3: contracts
pupilpupil of eye M3: contracts
ciliary muscle M3: contracts
salivary glands: secretions stimulates watery secretions
GI tract motility M1, M3: increases
smooth musclessmooth muscles of GI tract M3: contracts
sphincterssphincters of GI tract M3: relaxes
glandsglands of GI tract M3: secretes
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Effects produced by the parasympathetic division relaxation food processing energy absorption Parasympathetic activation

Effects produced by the parasympathetic division
relaxation
food processing
energy absorption

Parasympathetic activation

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The parasympathetic division controls body process during ordinary situations. Generally, it

The parasympathetic division controls body process during ordinary situations. Generally, it

conserves and restores. It slows the heart rate and decreases blood pressure. It stimulates the digestive tract to process food and eliminate wastes. Energy from the processed food is used to restore and build tissues.
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Most Common Autonomic NTs: Acetylcholine (ACh) ACh neurons & ACh receptors

Most Common Autonomic NTs:

Acetylcholine (ACh)
ACh neurons & ACh receptors are called

cholinergic (nicotinic or muscarinic). Located at autonomic preganglionic & para-sympathetic postganglionic synapses
Norepinephrine (NE)
NE neurons & receptors are called (nor) adrenergic (α and β). Located at sympathetic postganglionic synapses

Fig 11-7

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NTs of Autonomic NS Compare to Fig 11-7 α and β N1 N1 N2 N2

NTs of Autonomic NS

Compare to Fig 11-7

α and β

N1

N1

N2

N2

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Neuroeffector Junction = Synapse between postganglionic cell and target Most are

Neuroeffector Junction

= Synapse between postganglionic cell and target
Most are different from

model synapse (compare to Fig 8-20, p. 270)
ANS synapse: axon has varicosities containing neurotransmitter
May supply many cells, resulting in less specific communication
Synthesis of NT is in the varicosity

Fig 11-8

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Summary: Pre- & Postganglionic Parasympathetic Neurons Release ACh muscarinic nicotinic Receptors N1 N2

Summary: Pre- & Postganglionic Parasympathetic Neurons Release ACh

muscarinic

nicotinic

Receptors

N1

N2

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Two Types of Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic and Muscarinic Nicotine = agonist

Two Types of Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic and Muscarinic

Nicotine = agonist
In autonomic

ganglia & somatic NS
Directly opens a Na+ & K+ channel: ⇒ ?
Curare = antagonist

1) Nicotinic cholinergic receptor

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When the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, attaches to the portion of the nicotinic

When the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, attaches to the portion of the nicotinic

receptor outside of the cell wall, it induces a conformational change that selectively opens up the channel to sodium ions. The resulting influx of positively charged sodium then triggers membrane depolarization.
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2) Muscarinic cholinergic receptor Muscarine = agonist Found in neuro-effector junctions

2) Muscarinic cholinergic receptor

Muscarine = agonist
Found in neuro-effector junctions of

parasympathetic branch
G-protein coupled mechanisms
Atropine = antagonist

Amanita muscarina

N1

N2

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Muscarinic ACh are G-protein Mediated Receptor Mechanism of Sweat Glands: Also some 2nd messenger mechanisms

Muscarinic ACh are G-protein Mediated Receptor Mechanism of Sweat Glands:

Also some

2nd messenger mechanisms
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Note on G-Proteins: Many functions of the nervous system (e.g., memory)

Note on G-Proteins:

Many functions of the nervous system (e.g., memory)

require prolonged changes in neurons after the initial neurotransmitter is gone. Ligand-gated channels (such as those found in nicotinic receptors) are not suitable for this because the channels close in milliseconds. Prolonged changes can be achieved, however by activating G-proteins inside the post-synaptic neuron. It is then the G-proteins that trigger the prolonged effects.
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Adrenergic Receptors Found in neuroeffector junctions of sympathetic branch G protein

Adrenergic Receptors

Found in neuroeffector junctions of sympathetic branch
G protein linked, with

various 2nd mess. Mech
NT is NE
α- and β- Receptors
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NE Action

NE Action

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Sympathetic Receptors α Receptors: NT is NE (most common) ⇒ Excitation

Sympathetic Receptors

α Receptors:
NT is NE
(most common) ⇒ Excitation [Ca2+]

In↑ ⇒ muscle contraction or secretion by exocytosis.
⇒ Inhibition of GI tract and pancreas
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β − Receptors Clinically more important β1 ⇒ Excitation heart ([E]

β − Receptors Clinically more important
β1 ⇒ Excitation heart ([E]

= [NE])
“β - blockers” = Antagonists (e.g.: Propranolol)
β2 usually inhibitory: smooth muscle relaxation of some blood vessels and bronchioles ([E] > [NE])
β3 Adipose; [NE]>[E]
“β -blockers” = Antagonists (e.g.: Propranolol)
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Termination of NT Activity ACh: ACh esterase Catecholamine reuptake repackaging degradation

Termination of NT Activity

ACh:
ACh esterase
Catecholamine reuptake
repackaging
degradation (MAO)
Blocked by cocaine

Fig 11-9

Fig 8-22

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Somatic Motor Division Pathway consists of single neuron from CNS to

Somatic Motor Division

Pathway consists of single neuron from CNS to target
Neuromuscular

junction: nicotinic cholinergic receptors
Similar to synapse; post – synaptic membrant called Motor End Plate
Recall Motor Unit
Always excitatory ⇒ muscle contracts
All Ach mediated
Degraded by Ach esterase

Fig 11-13

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Myasthenia gravis MG: Antibodies block, alter, or destroy the receptors for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction

Myasthenia gravis

MG: Antibodies block, alter, or destroy the receptors for acetylcholine

at the neuromuscular junction
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Direct (Ant)agonist = mimic or block the NT receptor (Ant)agonist =

Direct (Ant)agonist = mimic or block the NT receptor (Ant)agonist = mimic

or block secretion, reuptake or degradation of NT
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Strychnos Toxifera (Curare) from Koehler's Medicinal-Plants 1887 Direct Antagonists Atropine →

Strychnos Toxifera (Curare) from Koehler's Medicinal-Plants 1887

Direct Antagonists
Atropine → muscarinic
Curare

→ nicotinic
Propranolol → β1 and β2
Metoprolol → β1
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Indirect (Ant)agonists Botulinum toxin → inhibits ACh release Parathion, malathion organophosphate

Indirect (Ant)agonists

Botulinum toxin
→ inhibits ACh release
Parathion, malathion
organophosphate insecticides → inhibit

AChE (anticholinesterases)
Cocaine
→ prevents NE reuptake
Amphetamines
→ stimulates NE release
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Important physiological and functional differences exist Comparison of the two divisions

Important physiological and functional differences exist

Comparison of the two divisions

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Table 11-4 Overview: The ANS

Table 11-4

Overview: The ANS

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Overview: The ANS Compare the somatic motor pathway to the parasympathetic and sympathetic motor pathways

Overview: The ANS

Compare the somatic motor pathway to the parasympathetic

and sympathetic motor pathways
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A Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Function

A Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Function

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Summary of Efferent NS

Summary of Efferent NS

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Activity in the ANS is controlled by centers in the brainstem

Activity in the ANS is controlled by centers in the brainstem

that deal with visceral functioning

Higher levels of autonomic control

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Levels of Autonomic Control Example of higher-level of autonomic function would

Levels of Autonomic Control

Example of higher-level of autonomic function would be

increased heart rate when you see a person that you dislike.
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cc Limbic system ГИПОТАЛАМУС Craniosacral anterior nucleus posterior nucleus Thoracolumbar

cc

Limbic system

ГИПОТАЛАМУС

Craniosacral

anterior
nucleus

posterior
nucleus

Thoracolumbar

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Levels of Autonomic Control Example of higher-level of autonomic function would

Levels of Autonomic Control

Example of higher-level of autonomic function would be

increased heart rate when you see a person that you dislike.
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Visceral Afferents and Referred Pain

Visceral Afferents and Referred Pain

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