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- 2. Petroleum doesn't last forever. It is a nonrenewable resource. This fundamentally drives the business decisions of
- 3. Exploration Petroleum is rarely found on the surface of the earth. One is very unlikely (though
- 4. Seismic Commonly found beneath the earth's surface are various types of rocks, water and salt, all
- 5. Exploration drilling If the seismic produces promising results sometimes called a "lead" then the next phase
- 6. Discover and appraise Let us assume that, lucky you, you found hydrocarbons while drilling; you have
- 7. Commercial discovery or not? Once hydrocarbons have been found in sufficient quantities and with an economically
- 8. Develop Once you have explored, discovered and appraised a petroleum deposit and determined that it is
- 9. Produce At long last perhaps a decade after the start of exploration oil or gas will
- 10. Abandon After anywhere from around seven years of production from smaller areas to fifty years or
- 11. What is a petroleum contract? Experts estimate that for a large natural resouce extraction project, there
- 12. Among these many contracts, the most important is the one between the government and the IOC.
- 13. The petroleum regime petroleum contracts are one key feature, living in a constellation or web of
- 15. So, the petroleum contract is simply one part of the overall petroleum regime that governs petroleum
- 16. Negotiations A country is likely to have a model petroleum contract, in a standard format and
- 17. Types of petroleum contract Of these Host Government Contracts, there are three principal types which can
- 18. Concessions are the "original" or oldest form of petroleum contract. First developed during the oil boom
- 19. Production Sharing Contracts or PSCs and Service Contracts are different from concessions, in that they do
- 20. petroleum contract is the Joint Venture. This involves the state, through a national oil company, entering
- 21. the negotiation of a signed or executed contract, all are primarily driven by the executive branch
- 22. The anatomy of petroleum contracts Generally speaking, contracts tend to follow the order in which things
- 23. Parties of the contract The parties are usually the host government line ministry or its state/
- 24. In addition to the NOC being party to the petroleum contract on behalf of the state,
- 25. Petroleum contracts will often set out a provision that captures the fundamental grant of rights to
- 26. This grant of right is the main purpose of the petroleum contract. All other rights and
- 28. Historical background Historically, the principal contractual form in the extractive industry was the concession. A concession
- 29. Companies paid small sums to the host government for the rights over its natural resources. Typically,
- 30. Because companies determined the volume of production, this meant that the interests of governments and companies
- 31. In addition, the scope of the traditional concession was broad, particularly with respect to duration and
- 33. Скачать презентацию
Petroleum doesn't last forever. It is a nonrenewable resource. This fundamentally
Petroleum doesn't last forever. It is a nonrenewable resource. This fundamentally
explore to find it in the first place;
develop the infrastructure to get it out;
produce (and sell) the petroleum you've found;
abandon when it runs out and clean up ("decommission")
Exploration
Petroleum is rarely found on the surface of the earth. One
Exploration
Petroleum is rarely found on the surface of the earth. One
would be quite lucky) to step into a puddle of oil, though when this does occur it is
known as a "seep" which means what one would think it means: oil below the
ground has "crept up" from below the surface to "seep out" onto the surface. In the
early years of oil discovery, seeps were probably one of the best means to find oil
and gas. And oil still does seep to the surface of the earth in many locations across
the globe. But a seep does not mean an oil boom. Nowadays, we use much more
scientific and dataintensive
means of finding petroleum beneath the surface of the
earth.
Seismic
Commonly found beneath the earth's surface are various types of rocks,
Seismic
Commonly found beneath the earth's surface are various types of rocks,
and salt, all of which react differently when hit with a sound wave. Large amounts
of data are captured from this process and used to give an image of what lies
beneath the earth's surface.
Exploration drilling
If the seismic produces promising results sometimes called a "lead"
Exploration drilling
If the seismic produces promising results sometimes called a "lead"
Discover and appraise
Let us assume that, lucky you, you found hydrocarbons
Discover and appraise
Let us assume that, lucky you, you found hydrocarbons
"discovered" petroleum! Is the pay day coming? Most likely, not quite yet. You
may have "discovered" hydrocarbons, but the question then becomes, how much
did you find? Enough to make it worthwhile, "commercially viable" or economical
to develop and produce? What you will need to do next: "appraise" the discovery.
Appraising entails more drilling and seismic to asses what you have discovered,
but to a greater degree of accuracy. It will lead to more detailed geological
discovery while also involving assessment and reflection on how to build the
necessary infrastructure to produce the petroleum you've found. You will want to
know more about:
the chemical composition of the various hydrocarbon deposits
the quantity of reserves in the area
how to get these hydrocarbons out of the ground (if the discovery is found to be
of commercial signficance)
Commercial discovery or not?
Once hydrocarbons have been found in sufficient quantities
Commercial discovery or not?
Once hydrocarbons have been found in sufficient quantities
takes will likely depend on such considerations as:
the business considerations of the company that has found the oil
the local laws and regulations that determine the process of development
Develop
Once you have explored, discovered and appraised a petroleum deposit and
Develop
Once you have explored, discovered and appraised a petroleum deposit and
This can include decisions about how many wells to drill (yes, there can be more than one, there can be many!), what type of platform you will be building or
whether to build a platform at all.
Produce
At long last perhaps a decade after the start of exploration
Produce
At long last perhaps a decade after the start of exploration
expected rate over a period of a month or so. How long will production last? This is affected by many factors, but probably most significantly by the size of the find.
Abandon
After anywhere from around seven years of production from smaller areas
Abandon
After anywhere from around seven years of production from smaller areas
What is a petroleum contract?
Experts estimate that for a large natural
What is a petroleum contract?
Experts estimate that for a large natural
governments and their national oil companies (NOCs), e.g. Gazprom, Petronas
international oil companies (IOCs), e.g. BP, Exxon, Chevron, CNOOC
private banks and public lenders, e.g. JP Morgan, World Bank
engineering firms, drilling companies & rig operators, e.g. Halliburton,
Schlumberger, Technip
transportation, refining and trading companies, e.g. Hess, Glencore, Trafigura,
Koch Industries
...and many more
Among these many contracts, the most important is the one between
Among these many contracts, the most important is the one between
government and the IOC. All of the other contracts must be consistent with and depend on this contract;
these might be collectively referred to as "subsidiary", "auxillary" or "ancillary"
contracts.
This contract is most commonly referred to by the industry as a "Host
Government Contract" because it is a contract between a Government (on the
behalf of the nation and its people) and an oil company or companies (that are
being hosted). It is through this contract that the host government legally grants
rights to oil companies to conduct "petroleum operations". This contract appears in
countries throughout the world under many names:
Petroleum Contract
Exploration & Producting Agreement (E&P)
Exploration & Exploitation Contract
Concession
License Agreement
Petroleum Sharing Agreement (PSA)
Production Sharing Contract (PSA)
The petroleum regime
petroleum contracts are one key feature, living in a
The petroleum regime
petroleum contracts are one key feature, living in a
So, the petroleum contract is simply one part of the overall
So, the petroleum contract is simply one part of the overall
governs petroleum resources. It is, however, the part that defines the particularities
and rights that are essential to any company wanting to explore and extract within
that country.
Awarding petroleum contracts
There are two main systems for awarding or winning contracts:
Competitive Bid: Given the value of petroleum today, many countries award
contracts by holding a 'bid round'. Here, companies compete against each other by
offering the best terms with regards to one or more defined variables to win the
contract.
Ad hoc negotiations: Here an investor comes unsolicited and asks for a
particular parcel of land and then negotiates a contract directly.
First come, first served:
Alternatively, there might be an application system and the first company that applies and passes whatever regulatory hurdles the state may have, is then awarded the contract with some negotiations over the terms of the contract usually involved.
Negotiations
A country is likely to have a model petroleum contract, in
Negotiations
A country is likely to have a model petroleum contract, in
with standard clauses that can be any of the types of Host Government Contracts
listed in the next section. The extent to which the parties will negotiate or change
these clauses and terms will depend upon such issues as; the country's petroleum
law, market environment and current political situation. Through the negotiating
process, the terms may be negotiated significantly from what was in the original
model, or it may be only the numbers of one fiscal term on which the companies
were bidding, such as a signature bonus that is filled in.
Following negotiations, what was a government model contract will become a
signed contract with a particular company or several companies. With the signing
of the contract, the company or companies are legally awarded the exclusive right
to explore and produce oil in the contract area.
Types of petroleum contract
Of these Host Government Contracts, there are three
Types of petroleum contract
Of these Host Government Contracts, there are three
generally characterized as:
Concession: contractor owns the oil in the ground
Production Sharing Contract: contractor owns a share of oil once it is out the
ground
Service Contract: contractor receives a fee for getting the oil
Concessions are the "original" or oldest form of petroleum contract. First
Concessions are the "original" or oldest form of petroleum contract. First
during the oil boom in the United States in the 1800s, the idea was then exported to
oil producing countries around the world by International Oil Companies (IOC).
These contracts are based much more on a "land ownership" concept of oil that is
based on the American system of land ownership. In the United States, the
landowner, generally speaking, has legal ownership rights of the earth directly
below it (subsurface)
and the sky above it.
This would include oil if it was found below a private property owners land.
Due to this historical origin, the concession similarly grants an area of land to a
company, though typically only the subsurface
rights to the land, and therefore, if
that company finds oil below the surface, the company owns that oil. Under the
concession the contractor will also have the exclusive right to explore within the
concession area.
How then, you may ask, does a country benefits from this form of contract? This
usually occurs through taxes and royalties, though a state may also hold shares in
the concession through its NOC in a Joint Venture with the contractor.
Production Sharing Contracts or PSCs and Service Contracts are different from
Production Sharing Contracts or PSCs and Service Contracts are different from
Under a Service Contract, title does not transfer at all. Unlike a PSC, where the oil company is entitled to a share of any petroleum produced, under a Service Contract, the oil company is just paid a fee.
petroleum contract is the Joint Venture. This involves the state, through
petroleum contract is the Joint Venture. This involves the state, through
the negotiation of a signed or executed contract, all are primarily
the negotiation of a signed or executed contract, all are primarily
Those outside of this 'inner circle', even in other government departments, have historically found petroleum contracts shrouded in secrecy. As a result, the people that are interested, influenced, and affected by these industries, whether in producing or consuming countries often feel left out, in the dark, wondering where the money went or where the oil comes from and on what terms. And while a
country's constitution is public (we hope!) and the laws are too (if sometimes hard to find), petroleum contracts are likely to be not easily accessible even if by law they should be. The range of potential stakeholders is huge, and their concerns too numerous to list them here. While the majority of oil contracts today speak primarily about the financial and technical aspects of oil extraction, they are increasingly addressing concerns of stakeholders that are not directly parties to the contract but are deeply affected by it. This is further addressed in the section: Economic development.
Our great hope is that the rest of the book, which is devoted to the content of petroleum contracts, will help to empower people to read and understand these multibillion dollar contracts that fuel our world.
The anatomy of petroleum contracts
Generally speaking, contracts tend to follow the
The anatomy of petroleum contracts
Generally speaking, contracts tend to follow the
used in the document they move onto exploration, followed by development and
appraisal. Up until this point there is no pie to divvy up and so the clauses deal
with operational management issues. Once commercial production begins, fiscal
terms follow in the contract as in real life. After that come issues such as local
content, dispute resolution and confidentiality, and other issues which may be more
specific to each contract.
In the very back of the contract, it is common to see the Accounting Procedures
for calculating cost oil in the annexes of a contract and various model forms of the
ancillary contracts, like a Parent Company Guarantee or the Joint Operating
Agreement. These are referred to as "Annexes", "Appendices" or "Addenda" which
are all additional documents that are referred to in the contract but for some reason
or another, the parties thought the contract would flow better with it as a separate
document or the need for the document came after the parties had agreed to the
contract.
Parties of the contract
The parties are usually the host government line
Parties of the contract
The parties are usually the host government line
the IOCs together fail to fulfill their obligations then they are all at fault. In legal language the IOCs are said to have "joint and several liability" for the performance of the contractor's obligations under the contract.
In addition to the NOC being party to the petroleum contract
In addition to the NOC being party to the petroleum contract
Petroleum contracts will often set out a provision that captures the
Petroleum contracts will often set out a provision that captures the
This grant of right is the main purpose of the petroleum
This grant of right is the main purpose of the petroleum
This grant of rights may be mirrored by a similar statement of obligations. An example is given below:
Historical background
Historically, the principal contractual form in the extractive
industry was
Historical background
Historically, the principal contractual form in the extractive
industry was
company the exclusive right to explore, produce and market natural
resources. This contractual form has survived to this day, albeit in a vastly
different form.
Companies paid small sums to the host government for the rights
Companies paid small sums to the host government for the rights
“(d) For the purpose of this Agreement and to define the exact
product to which the Royalty stated above refers, it is agreed that
the Royalty is payable on each English ton of 2.40 lb. of net crude
petroleum won and saved by the Company from within the State
of Kuwait-that is after deducting water sand and other foreign
substances and the oil required for the customary operations
of the Company’s installations in the Sheikh’s territories” (Oil
Concession of 1934: Article 3(d)).
Because companies determined the volume of production, this meant
that the
Because companies determined the volume of production, this meant
that the
diverge. That is, it was not always in the interests of companies to exploit
resources fully
In addition, the scope of the traditional concession was broad,
particularly
In addition, the scope of the traditional concession was broad,
particularly
certain parameters for exploration were set.