Anxiety Disorders

Содержание

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anxiety- definition A condition with physical, cognitive and emotional manifestations that

anxiety- definition

A condition with physical, cognitive and emotional manifestations that cause

them to experience an unpleasant feeling of fear and threat. Physical:Excessive sweating, palpitations, suffocation, dizziness, blurring, increased exits, increased urinal administration Psychic: appearance of negatively colored emotion, cranky dyspuri; Discomfort, with elements of despondence. Cognitive: concern about a negative result
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Определение понятия Тревога Это душевное состояние , характеризующееся психологическими, физиологическими и

Определение понятия Тревога

Это душевное состояние , характеризующееся психологическими, физиологическими и когнитивными

изменениями, вызывающие у того, кто это состояние переживает, ощущение угрозы.
Физиологический компонент – пальпитации, пот, удушье, головокружение, расплывчатое зрение, учащенные мочеиспускание и дефекация,
Психологический компонент – неприятное чувство дисфории, ощущение дискомфорта, сниженное настроение
Когниция – мысли о том, что должно случиться что-то неприятьное, страшное
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Не всякая Тревога патологична Нормальная Тревога Есть стрессор Выраженность реакция соответствует

Не всякая Тревога патологична

Нормальная Тревога
Есть стрессор
Выраженность реакция соответствует триггеру
Проходит при отсутствии

триггера
Нет нарушения функционирования
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תפקידה החיובי של חרדה מוכנות- אנו נוטים להגיב יותר לאיומים המוכרים

תפקידה החיובי של חרדה

מוכנות- אנו נוטים להגיב יותר לאיומים המוכרים לנו

מאלפי שנות אבולוציה (נחש, דם, סערה, זרים)
לא מפתחים חרדה בתגובה לעלים, פרחים, מים רדודים
לא כתגובה ראשונית לאיומים מודרנים (רובים.. .)
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Что хорошего в Тревоге? Готовность – мы легко реагируем на угрозы,

Что хорошего в Тревоге?

Готовность – мы легко реагируем на угрозы,

знакомые нам в процессе тысячелетней эволюции (кровь, змея, буря, наводнение, землятресение…)
Нет тревоги на цветы, листья, лужу..
Нет первичной тревоги на современные угрозы – ружье, машина, кирпич…
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Benefits of anxiety Закон Давидсона: Функционирование улучшается с усилением тревоги до

Benefits of anxiety

Закон Давидсона:
Функционирование улучшается с усилением тревоги до определенного уровня,

после которого начинает снижаться
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General considerations for anxiety disorders Often have an early onset- teens

General considerations for anxiety disorders

Often have an early onset- teens or

early twenties
Show 2:1 female predominance
Have a waxing and waning course over lifetime
Similar to major depression and chronic diseases such as diabetes in functional impairment and decreased quality of life
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Общие сведения о тревожных расстройствах Часто имеют раннее начало - в

Общие сведения о тревожных расстройствах

Часто имеют раннее начало - в подростковом

возрасте или в начале двадцатых годов
Преобладание у женщин 2: 1
Имеет периоды обострения и ослабления симптоматики в течение всей жизни
Подобно большой депрессии и хроническим заболеваниям, таким как диабет, вызывает функциональные нарушениях и снижает качество жизни
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The differential diagnosis of anxiety. Psychiatric and Medical disorders. Psychiatr Clin

The differential diagnosis of anxiety. Psychiatric and Medical disorders. Psychiatr Clin

North Am 1985 Mar;8(1):3-23

Primary versus Secondary Anxiety

Anxiety may be due to one of the primary anxiety disorders OR secondary to substance abuse (Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder), a medical condition (Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition), another psychiatric condition, or psychosocial stressors (Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety)

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Primary versus Secondary Anxiety Тревога может быть вызвано одним из основных

Primary versus Secondary Anxiety

Тревога может быть вызвано одним из основных тревожных

расстройств ИЛИ вторичным, в связи с употреблением психоактивных веществ (Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder), медицинским заболеванием (Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition), другим психическим заболеванием или психосоциальными стрессорами (Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety)
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What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depressive disorder.

What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depressive disorder.

J Clin Psychiatry 2004 May;65(5):618-25

Comorbid diagnoses

Once an anxiety disorder is diagnoses it is critical to screen for other psychiatric diagnoses since it is very common for other diagnoses to be present and this can impact both treatment and prognosis.

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Comorbid diagnoses После постановки диагноза тревожного расстройства критически важно провести скрининг

Comorbid diagnoses

После постановки диагноза тревожного расстройства критически важно провести скрининг на

наличие других психиатрических диагнозов, так как Тревога часто встречается при других расстройствах, и это может повлиять как на лечение, так и на прогноз.
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Anxiety disorders Specific phobia Social anxiety disorder (SAD) Panic disorder (PD)

Anxiety disorders

Specific phobia
Social anxiety disorder (SAD)
Panic disorder (PD)
Agoraphobia
Generalized anxiety disorder

(GAD)

Anxiety Disorder due to a General Medical Condition
Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety Disorder NOS

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הבסיס הביולוגי של חרדה מבנים מעורבים: קורטקס פרונטלי מערכת לימבית היפוטלמוס,

הבסיס הביולוגי של חרדה

מבנים מעורבים:
קורטקס פרונטלי
מערכת לימבית
היפוטלמוס, היפוקמפוס אמיגדלה
גזע המוח
ההיפופיזה
Adrenal Axis
המערכת

הסימפטטית
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Биологическая база Тревоги Замешанные структуры: Лобные доли Лимбическая система Гипоталамус, Гипокампус

Биологическая база Тревоги

Замешанные структуры:
Лобные доли
Лимбическая система
Гипоталамус, Гипокампус Амигдала
Ствол мога
Гипофиз
Adrenal Axis
Симпатическая система

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חרדה- מודלים ביולוגיים אמנם המחקר העכשווי מתמקד במבנים אנטומיים כגון האמיגדלה,

חרדה- מודלים ביולוגיים

אמנם המחקר העכשווי מתמקד במבנים אנטומיים כגון האמיגדלה, ההיפוקמפוס

ומסלולים נוירואנדוקרינים אבל...
תגובות התניית פחד ורתיעה קיימות ביצורים נחותים בהרבה וללא מבנים אלו.
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אריק קנדל, חתן פרס נובל לרפואה/פיזיולוגיה לשנת 2000

אריק קנדל, חתן פרס נובל לרפואה/פיזיולוגיה לשנת 2000

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האפליזיה קליפורניקה, רכיכת ים בעלת מערכת עצבים פרימיטיבית המורכבת מ- 20,000

האפליזיה קליפורניקה, רכיכת ים בעלת מערכת עצבים פרימיטיבית המורכבת מ- 20,000

נוירונים בלבד, חלקם הגדול עבים מאוד, אפשרה מחקרים פורצי דרך בתחום הלימוד והזיכרון- ברמה העצבית
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נגיעה בסיפון של האפליזיה גורמת לרתיעה נגיעה חוזרת בסיפון של האפליזיה

נגיעה בסיפון של האפליזיה גורמת לרתיעה
נגיעה חוזרת בסיפון של האפליזיה מפחיתה

את הרתיעה = הביטואציה
מתן גירוי חזק (חשמל) בשלב זה יוצר סנסיטיזציה וגורם לרתיעה בתגובה לגירוי שהיה תת-ספי קודם לכן
בנוסף, ניתן ליצור תגובה של האפליזיה לגירוי מותנה, בדומה לבע"ח מפותחים יותר
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נגיעה בחישני מגע נקלטת ב SN ה SN מעורר תגובה מוטורית

נגיעה בחישני מגע נקלטת ב SN
ה SN מעורר תגובה מוטורית ב

MN
הביטואציה= ירידה בכמות Ca שמשתחררת בסינפסה ופחות תגובה מוטורית
סנסיטיזציה גורמת ל INTלשחרר סרוטונין הנצמד לרצפטורים סרוטונרגיים ב SN המעוררים, דרך cAMP שיפעיל רצפטור Ca נוסף, S-shaped) ) המגביר כניסת קלציום ומוטוריקה.
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תגובת דחק Fight or Flight תגובה פיזיולוגית לדחק מווסתת דרך ההיפותלמוס

תגובת דחק Fight or Flight

תגובה פיזיולוגית לדחק
מווסתת דרך ההיפותלמוס ומבנים נוספים
מאפשרת להתגונן

בפני איום פיזי
קיימת בכל בעלי החיים (מהבחינה הזו אנחנו עדיין בעל חיים)...
"תגובה סימפתטית"
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Fight or Flight Физиологическая реакция на стресс Адаптируется с помощью гипоталамуса

Fight or Flight

Физиологическая реакция на стресс
Адаптируется с помощью гипоталамуса и других

мозговоых структур
Позволяет адекватно реагировать на угрозу
Существует у всех живых организмов, в этом отношении мы - животные
« Симатическая реакция»
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מה קורה בתגובה הסימפתטית? מתרחשת על ידי אדרנלין ונוראדרנלין מעלה קצב

מה קורה בתגובה הסימפתטית?

מתרחשת על ידי אדרנלין ונוראדרנלין
מעלה קצב לב

והתכווצות הלב
קצב נשימה מוגבר
הזעה
עליה בניצול גלוקוזה
הפניית דם לשרירים
עליה במתח השרירים
קרישת דם משתפרת
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Что происходи при реакции симпатической системы? Происходит с помошью адреналина и

Что происходи при реакции симпатической системы?

Происходит с помошью адреналина и норадреналина
Усиливает

частоту и силу сердечных сокращений
Ускоряется частота дыхания
Усиливается потоотделение
Усиливается утилизация глюкозы
Перераспределение крови к мышцам
Увеличение напряжения в мышцах
Улучшение свёртываемости крови
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Pierre Janet לכל אדם יש כבאנטום מובנה של אנרגיה נפשית ובמצב

Pierre Janet

לכל אדם יש כבאנטום מובנה של אנרגיה נפשית ובמצב תקין

אין פעילות מנטאלית תת הכרתית
אירועים טראומטיים שוחקים את האגו והוא עובר דגנרציה, מאבד את יכולתו לנווט את האדם בעולם ומביא אותו למצב של חוסר אונים פסיבי
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Sigmund Freud דחפים מיניים ואגרסיביים מסולקים מעל פני השטח בגלל מוסכמות

Sigmund Freud

דחפים מיניים ואגרסיביים מסולקים מעל פני השטח בגלל מוסכמות ואיסורים

(סופר אגו) והקונפליקט יוצר חרדה
הפריד בין פסיכונוירוזות לבין anxiety בה ראה תופעה כמעט פיזיולוגית לחלוטין
בניגוד ל Janet האגו אצל פרויד מהווה מרכיב חשוב בהתפתחות הפרעות חרדה (פסיכונוירוזות).
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A Developmental Hierarchy of Anxiety Superego anxiety Castration anxiety Fear of

A Developmental Hierarchy of Anxiety

Superego anxiety
Castration anxiety
Fear of loss

of love
Separation anxiety (fear of the loss of the object—Kleinian depressive anxiety)
Persecutory anxiety (Klein)
Disintegration anxiety (Kohut)
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To Be or NOT to Be

To Be or NOT to Be

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אהרון בק: "בבסיס כל פסיכופתולוגיה עומדת הכללת יתר" דיכאון אופוריה, מאניה

אהרון בק: "בבסיס כל פסיכופתולוגיה עומדת הכללת יתר"

דיכאון
אופוריה, מאניה
פאראנויה
הפרעת חרדה

עצבות
שמחה
חשד
חרדה

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А. Барак: "В основе любой патологии лежит чрезмерное и необоснованное обобщение»

А. Барак: "В основе любой патологии лежит чрезмерное и необоснованное обобщение»

Сниженое настроение

Депрессия
Радость Мания, эйфория
Подозрение Паранойя
Тревога Паника
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Pathological Anxiety כחלק מהפרעת הסתגלות כחלק ממחלה / הפרעה נפשית אחרת

Pathological Anxiety

כחלק מהפרעת הסתגלות
כחלק ממחלה / הפרעה נפשית אחרת
הפרעת חרדה ראשונית

Maale

Carmel Mental Health Center, Bruce Rappaport Medical Faculty,Technion, Haifa
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Pathological Anxiety

Pathological Anxiety

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Primary Anxiety Disorders Нефобические тревожные реакции: GENERAILIZED ANXIETY DISORDER Фобические тревожные

Primary Anxiety Disorders

Нефобические тревожные реакции:
GENERAILIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

Фобические тревожные реакции:
SIMPLE PHOBIA
SOCIAL PHOBIA
PANIC

DISORDER
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אפידמיולוגיה ברוב המקרים נשים סובלות יותר, במיוחד בגילים בין 16 ל

אפידמיולוגיה

ברוב המקרים נשים סובלות יותר, במיוחד בגילים בין 16 ל –

40.
פחד קהל פי 2 יותר אצל נשים, גברים מחפשים עזרה יותר מנשים.

Maale Carmel Mental Health Center, Bruce Rappaport Medical Faculty,Technion, Haifa

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Эпидемиология В большинстве своем женщины страдают чаще мужчин, в основном в

Эпидемиология

В большинстве своем женщины страдают чаще мужчин, в основном в возрасте

16-40 лет
Социофобия в 2 раза чаще у женщин, но мужчины ищут помощь чаще
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Genetic Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders Существует значительная семейная наследсвенность PD, GAD,

Genetic Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders

Существует значительная семейная наследсвенность PD, GAD, OCD

and phobias.
Исследования близнецов показали, что наследуемость панического расстройства составляет 0,43, а для GAD - 0,32..
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Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders (life time prevalence %)

Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders (life time prevalence %)

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Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

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Panic Attacks and Agoraphobia are “unlinked” in DSM- 5 DSM- IV

Panic Attacks and Agoraphobia are “unlinked” in DSM- 5
DSM- IV terminology

describing different types of
Panic Attacks replaced in DSM-5 with the terms
“expected” or “unexpected” panic attack
Social Anxiety Disorder :
“Generalized” specifier in DSM-IV has been deleted
Replaced with “performance only” specifier

Anxiety Disorders

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Specific Phobia

Specific Phobia

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SPECIFIC PHOBIA Animal Type Natural Environment Type (e.g., heights, storms, water)

SPECIFIC PHOBIA

Animal Type
Natural Environment Type (e.g., heights, storms, water)
Blood-Injection-Injury

Type
Situational Type (e.g., airplanes, elevators, enclosed places)
Other Type
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Specific Phobia Выраженный или постоянный страх (> 6 месяцев), чрезмерный или

Specific Phobia

Выраженный или постоянный страх (> 6 месяцев), чрезмерный или необоснованный,

вызванный присутствием или ожиданием определенного объекта или ситуации
Беспокойство должно быть несоразмерно реальной опасности или ситуации.
Это значительно нарушает рутиный распорядок дня или функции человека.
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Specific Phobia Marked or persistent fear (>6 months) that is excessive

Specific Phobia

Marked or persistent fear (>6 months) that is excessive or

unreasonable cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation
Anxiety must be out of proportion to the actual danger or situation
It interferes significantly with the persons routine or function
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SPECIFIC PHOBIA Вне ситуации нормальное функционирование Избегание обеспечивает нормальное функционирование Высокая

SPECIFIC PHOBIA

Вне ситуации нормальное функционирование
Избегание обеспечивает нормальное функционирование
Высокая частота расстройства –

до 20% в населении
В основном не обращаются за лечением
В основном нет осложнений
Очень эффективно лечение КПТ (когнитивно-поведенческая терапия)
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SPECIFIC PHOBIA The rest of the time normal functioning Avoidance allows

SPECIFIC PHOBIA

The rest of the time normal functioning Avoidance allows for a

normal life High incidence –up to 20% of the population You don't usually seek treatment. Usually without complications Treatment with CBT is very effective and do not need medications.
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SOCIAL PHOBIA Подобно простой фобии, но здесь бессмысленный страх социального взаимодействия,

SOCIAL PHOBIA

Подобно простой фобии, но здесь бессмысленный страх социального взаимодействия, отсюда:
Более

выраженные функциональные нарушения
Больше провоцирующих ситуаций
Стратегия Избегания не позволяет вести нормальную жизнь
Содержание тревоги - страх унижения, презрения, неудачи и т. Д.
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SOCIAL PHOBIA Similar to simple phobia but here the senseless fear

SOCIAL PHOBIA

Similar to simple phobia but here the senseless fear of

social interaction, hence: More functional impairment More exposure events Avoidance does not allow for a normal life The content of anxiety – the fear of humiliation, contempt, failure, etc.
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SAD epidemiology 7% населения в целом Возраст наступления подростковый; чаще встречается

SAD epidemiology

7% населения в целом Возраст наступления подростковый; чаще встречается у женщин.


У половины пациентов SAD начало сиптомов в возрасте 13 лет и 90% в возрасте 23 лет. Вызывает значительную инвалидность Частые депрессивные расстройства
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SAD epidemiology 7% of general population Age of onset teens; more

SAD epidemiology

7% of general population
Age of onset teens; more common in

women. Stein found half of SAD patients had onset of sx by age 13 and 90% by age 23.
Causes significant disability
Increased depressive disorders
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SAD A more problematic diagnosis (personality disorder) Two types: LIMITED PERVASIVE

SAD

A more problematic diagnosis (personality disorder)
Two types:
LIMITED
PERVASIVE

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What is going on in their brains?? Study of 16 SAD

What is going on in their brains??

Study of 16 SAD patients

and 16 matched controls undergoing fMRI scans while reading stories that involved neutral social events , unintentional social transgressions (choking on food then spitting it out in public) or intentional social transgressions (disliking food and spitting it out)

Blair K. Et al. Social Norm Processing in Adult Social Phobia: Atypical Increased Ventromedial Frontal cortex Responsiveness to Unintentional (Embarassing) Transgressions. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167:1526-1532

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What is going on in their brains?? Изучение 16 пациентов SAD

What is going on in their brains??

Изучение 16 пациентов SAD и

16 контроля, во время fMRI при чтении текстов с нейтральными социальными событиями , либо с непреднамеренные социальные действия (подавится продуктами питания, и выплевывание их в общественных местах) или преднамеренное социально неприемлемое действие (неприязнь пищи и выплевывая его)
Слайд 59

What is going on in their brains?? Both groups ↑ medial

What is going on in their brains??

Both groups ↑ medial

prefrontal cortex activity in response to intentional relative to unintentional transgression.
SAD patients however showed a significant response to the unintentional transgression.
SAD subjects also had significant increase activity in the amygdala and insula bilaterally.

Blair K. Et al. Social Norm Processing in Adult Soical Phobia: Atypical Increased Ventromedial Frontal cortex Responsiveness to Unintentional (Embarrasing) Trasgressions. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167:1526-1532

Maale Carmel Mental Health Center, Bruce Rappaport Medical Faculty,Technion, Haifa

Слайд 60

What is going on in their brains?? Обе группы – обнаружена

What is going on in their brains??

Обе группы – обнаружена

медиальная и префронтальная активность коры головного мозга в ответ на умышленное по отношению к непреднамеренному социально неприемлемому поведению. Пациенты SAD однако, показали более выраженную реакцию на непреднамеренное неприемлемое поведение. Пациенты САД также имели значительный рост активности в Amygdala and Insula bilaterally.
Слайд 61

What is going on in their brains?? Blair K. Et al.

What is going on in their brains??

Blair K. Et al. Social

Norm Processing in Adult Soical Phobia: Atypical Increased Ventromedial Frontal cortex Responsiveness to Unintentional (Embarrasing) Trasgressions. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167:1526-1532
Слайд 62

Functional imaging studies in SAD Several studies have found hyperactivity of

Functional imaging studies in SAD

Several studies have found hyperactivity of the

amygdala even with a weak form of symptom provocation namely presentation of human faces.
Successful treatment with either CBT or citalopram showed reduction in activation of amygdala and hippocampus

Furmark T et al. Common changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with social phobia treated with citalpram or cognitive behavior therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:425-433

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Functional imaging studies in SAD Несколько исследований обнаружили гиперактивность Amygdala даже

Functional imaging studies in SAD

Несколько исследований обнаружили гиперактивность Amygdala даже при

слабой форме провокации (представление человеческих лиц). Успешное лечение CBT or Citalopram показало снижение активации в Amygdala и Hippocampus
Слайд 64

Social Anxiety Disorder treatment Social skills training, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy

Social Anxiety Disorder treatment

Social skills training, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy
Medication –

SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, benzodiazepines, gabapentin
Complications:
Depression Use of addictive substances
Слайд 65

PANIC DISORDER Horror attack, extreme anxiety Spontaneous appears (at least at

PANIC DISORDER

Horror attack, extreme anxiety Spontaneous appears (at least at the

beginning of the disease) Including events Anxiety from ANTICIPATION ANXIETY - The development of avoidance – agoraphobia
Слайд 66

Panic Disorder Recurrent unexpected panic attacks and for a one month

Panic Disorder

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks and for a one month period

or more of:
Persistent worry about having additional attacks
Worry about the implications of the attacks
Significant change in behavior because of the attacks
Слайд 67

A Panic Attack is: Palpitations or rapid heart rate Sweating Trembling

A Panic Attack is:

Palpitations or rapid heart rate
Sweating
Trembling or shaking
Shortness

of breath
Feeling of choking
Chest pain or discomfort
Nausea
Chills or heat sensations

Paresthesias
Feeling dizzy or faint
Derealization or depersonalization
Fear of losing control or going crazy
Fear of dying

A discrete period of intense fear in which 4 of the following
Symptoms abruptly develop and peak within 10 minutes:

Слайд 68

Panic disorder epidemiology 2-3% of general population; 5-10% of primary care

Panic disorder epidemiology

2-3% of general population; 5-10% of primary care patients.
Onset

in teens or early 20’s
Female : male - 2-3:1
Слайд 69

Things to keep in mind A panic attack ≠ panic disorder

Things to keep in mind

A panic attack ≠ panic disorder
Panic disorder

often has a waxing and waning course
Слайд 70

Panic Attacks with Agoraphobia Fear or avoidance of being in places

Panic Attacks with Agoraphobia

Fear or avoidance of being in places or

situations where there is difficulty in escaping or getting help.
Слайд 71

Panic Attacks with Agoraphobia Treatment: Combination of CBT treatment and medications:

Panic Attacks with Agoraphobia

Treatment:
Combination of CBT treatment and medications: 1. Antidepressants 2.

Anxiolytics for the first stage

Complications:
Depression up to 50% Dependence on addictive substances - alcohol, sedatives Severe functional impairment It is important to find out: Caffeine habits Physical ailments – thyrotoxic, pheochromocytoma, MVP

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Panic Disorder Comorbidity 50-60% have lifetime Major Depression One third have

Panic Disorder Comorbidity

50-60% have lifetime Major Depression
One third have Current Depression
20-25%

have history Substance Dependence
Слайд 73

Panic Disorder Etiology Drug/Alcohol Genetics Social learning Cognitive theories Neurobiology/conditioned fear Psychosocial stressors Prior separation anxiety

Panic Disorder Etiology

Drug/Alcohol
Genetics
Social learning
Cognitive theories
Neurobiology/conditioned fear
Psychosocial stressors
Prior separation anxiety

Слайд 74

Treatment See 70% or better treatment response Education, reassurance, elimination of

Treatment

See 70% or better treatment response
Education, reassurance, elimination of caffeine, alcohol,

drugs, OTC stimulants
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Medications – SSRIs, SNRI, Tricyclics, MAOIs, Benzodiazepines, Valproate, Gabapentin
Слайд 75

Agoraphobia Marked fear or anxiety for more than 6 months about

Agoraphobia

Marked fear or anxiety for more than 6 months about two

or more of the following 5 situations:
Using public transportation
Being in open spaces
Being in enclosed spaces
Standing in line or being in a crowd
Being outside of the home alone
Слайд 76

Agoraphobia The individual fears or avoids these situations because escape might

Agoraphobia

The individual fears or avoids these situations because escape might be

difficult or help might not be available
The agoraphobic situations almost always provoke anxiety
Anxiety is out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the situation
The agoraphobic situations are avoided or endured with intense anxiety
The avoidance, fear or anxiety significantly interferes with their routine or function
Слайд 77

Prevalence 2% of the population Females to males - 2:1 Mean

Prevalence

2% of the population
Females to males - 2:1
Mean onset is 17

years
30% of persons with agoraphobia have panic attacks or panic disorder
Confers higher risk of other anxiety disorders, depressive and substance-use disorders
Слайд 78

Generalized Anxiety Excessive fear or anxiety, without any grasp of reality,

Generalized Anxiety

Excessive fear or anxiety, without any grasp of reality, is

accompanied by expressions of motor tension, more activity of an autonomous system, a state of constant caution and alertness and anticipation that is going to read what has been.
A more problematic diagnosis. Less specific, chronic Less defined complaints High incidence (5-12%) Long Duration
Слайд 79

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Слайд 80

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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GAD Comorbidity 90% have at least one other lifetime Major Psychiatric

GAD Comorbidity

90% have at least one other lifetime Major Psychiatric Disorder
66%

have another current Major Psychiatric Disorder
Worse prognosis over 5 years than panic disorder
Слайд 82

Long-Term Treatment Of GAD Need to treat long-term Full relapse in

Long-Term Treatment Of GAD

Need to treat long-term
Full relapse in approximately

25% of patients 1 month after stopping treatment
60%-80% relapse within 1st year after stopping treatment
Слайд 83

Pharmacotherapy for Anxiety Disorders Antidepressants Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin-Norepinephrine

Pharmacotherapy for Anxiety Disorders

Antidepressants
Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Atypical

Antidepressants
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Benzodiazepines
Other Agents
Azaspirones
Beta blockers
Anticonvulsants
Other strategies

Слайд 84

Discontinuation of Treatment for Anxiety Disorders Withdrawal/rebound more common with Bzd

Discontinuation of Treatment for Anxiety Disorders

Withdrawal/rebound more common with Bzd than

other anxiolytic treatment
Relapse: a significant problem across treatments. Many patients require maintenance therapy
Bzd abuse is rare in non-predisposed individuals
Clinical decision: balance comfort/compliance/ comorbidity during maintenance treatment with discontinuation-associated difficulties
Слайд 85

Strategies for Anxiolytic Discontinuation Slow taper Switch to longer-acting agent for

Strategies for Anxiolytic Discontinuation

Slow taper
Switch to longer-acting agent for taper
Cognitive-Behavioral therapy
Adjunctive
Antidepressant
Anticonvulsant
clonidine,

beta blockers, buspirone
Слайд 86

Strategies for Refractory Anxiety Disorder

Strategies for Refractory Anxiety Disorder

Слайд 87

Strategies for Refractory Anxiety Disorders Augmentation Anticonvulsants Gabapentin Valproate Topiramate Beta

Strategies for Refractory Anxiety Disorders

Augmentation

Anticonvulsants
Gabapentin
Valproate
Topiramate
Beta blocker
Buspirone
Clonidine/Guanfacine
Pindolol -nonselective beta blocker
Dopaminergic

agonists for social phobia (pergolide)
Cyproheptadine

Combined SSRI/TCA

Alternative antidepressant
Clomipramine
MAOI
Other
Inositol
Atypical neuroleptics

Слайд 88

Screening questions How ever experienced a panic attack? (Panic) Do you

Screening questions

How ever experienced a panic attack? (Panic)
Do you consider yourself

a worrier? (GAD)
Have you ever had anything happen that still haunts you? (PTSD)
Do you get thoughts stuck in your head that really bother you or need to do things over and over like washing your hands, checking things or count? (OCD)
When you are in a situation where people can observe you do you feel nervous and worry that they will judge you? (SAD)
Слайд 89

Screening questions Как часто испытываете приступы паники? Опишите, что Вы называете

Screening questions

Как часто испытываете приступы паники?
Опишите, что Вы называете Паникой Считаете

ли Вы себя тревожным? У Вас когда-нибудь было какое-то происшествие. Или воспоминания, которое преследует Вас по сей день? Когда Вы находитесь в ситуации, когда люди могут наблюдать за Вами- нервничаете и беспокоитесь ли Вы, что они будут обсуждать или осуждать Вас?
Слайд 90

AGORAPHOBIA

AGORAPHOBIA

Слайд 91

Слайд 92

Слайд 93

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders New chapter in DSM-5 brings together anxiety

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

New chapter in DSM-5 brings together anxiety disorders

that are preceded by a distressing or traumatic event
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (new)
PTSD (includes PTSD for children 6 years and younger)
Acute Stress Disorder
Adjustment Disorders
Слайд 94

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Новая глава в DSM-5 объединяет тревожные расстройства,

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Новая глава в DSM-5 объединяет тревожные расстройства, которым

предшествует тревожное или травматическое событие Reactive Attachment Disorder
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (new)
PTSD (includes PTSD for children 6 years and younger)
Acute Stress Disorder
Adjustment Disorders
Слайд 95

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Acute Stress Disorder A. PTSD A Criterion

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Acute Stress Disorder

A. PTSD A Criterion
B. No

mandatory (e.g., dissociative, etc.) symptoms from any cluster
C. Nine (or more) of the following (with onset or exacerbation after the traumatic event):
Intrusion
Negative Mood
Dissociative
Avoidance
Arousal
Слайд 96

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER

A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury,

or sexual violation in one (or more) of the following ways:
1. Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s).
2. Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it occurred to others.
3. Learning that the event(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend. Note: In cases of actual or threatened death of a family member or friend, the event(s) must have been violent or accidental.
4. Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s) (e.g., first responders collecting human remains, police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse).
Note: This does not apply to exposure through electronic media, television, movies, or pictures, unless this exposure is work related.
Слайд 97

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER A. Воздействие фактической или вероятной смерти, серьезных травм

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER

A. Воздействие фактической или вероятной смерти, серьезных травм или

сексуальных действий одним (или более) из следующих способов: 1. Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s).
2. Свидетель (лично) события, которое произошло с другими. 3. Learning that the event(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend. Note: In cases of actual or threatened death of a family member or friend, the event(s) must have been violent or accidental.
4. Испытывают повторное или экстремальное воздействие на тяжелые (психологически) детали травматического события (e.g., собирающих человеческие останки, police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse).
Note: This does not apply to exposure through electronic media, television, movies, or pictures, unless this exposure is work related.
Слайд 98

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER B. Presence of nine (or more) of the

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER

B. Presence of nine (or more) of the following

symptoms from any of the five categories of:
intrusion,
negative mood,
dissociation,
avoidance,
arousal,
beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred:
Слайд 99

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER Intrusion symptoms: 1. Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER Intrusion symptoms:

1. Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of

the traumatic event(s). Note: In children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the traumatic event(s) are expressed.
2. Recurrent distressing dreams in which the content and/or affect of the dream are related to the event(s). Note: In children, there may be frightening dreams without recognizable content.
3. Dissociative reactions (e.g., flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as if the traumatic event were recurring. (Such reactions may occur on a continuum, with the most extreme expression being a complete loss of awareness of present surroundings). Note: ın children, trauma-specific reenactment may occur in play.
4. Intense or prolonged psychological distress or marked physiological reactions in response to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event(s).
Слайд 100

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER Intrusion symptoms: 1. Повторяющиеся, непроизвольные и навязчивые тревожные

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER Intrusion symptoms:

1. Повторяющиеся, непроизвольные и навязчивые тревожные воспоминания о

травматическом событии (ы). Примечание: У детей могут возникать повторяющиеся игры, в которых выражены темы или аспекты травматического события. 2. Повторяющиеся тревожные сны, в которых содержание и/ или влияние воспоминания связаны с событием (ы). Примечание: У детей могут быть пугающие сны без узнаваемого содержания. 3. Диссоциативные реакции (например, воспоминания), в которых человек чувствует или действует так, как будто травматическое событие повторяется. (Такие реакции могут происходить на континууме, при этом самым крайним выражением является полная потеря осознания окружающей действительности). Примечание: у детей, травма конкретных реконструкции может произойти в игре. 4. Интенсивный или длительный психологический стресс или отмеченные физиологические реакции в ответ на внутренние или внешние сигналы, которые символизируют или напоминают аспект травматического события (ы).
Слайд 101

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER Negative Mood 5. Persistent inability to experience positive

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER

Negative Mood
5. Persistent inability to experience positive emotions (e.g.,

inability to experience happiness, satisfaction, or loving feelings).
Dissociative Symptoms
6. An altered sense of reality of one’s surroundings or oneself (e.g., seeing oneself from another’s perspective, being in a daze, time slowing).
7. Inability to remember an important aspect of traumatic event(s) (typically due to dissociative amnesia and not to other factors such as head injury, alcohol, or drugs).
Слайд 102

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER Negative Mood 5. Постоянная неспособность испытывать положительные эмоции

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER

Negative Mood
5. Постоянная неспособность испытывать положительные эмоции (например, неспособность

испытывать счастье, удовлетворение или чувство любви). Dissociative Symptoms
6. Измененное чувство реальности своего окружения или себя (например, видеть себя со стороны, находясь в оцепенении, замедляется время). 7. Неспособность запомнить важный аспект травматического события (как правило, из-за диссоциативной амнезии, а не других факторов, таких как травма головы, алкоголь или наркотики).
Слайд 103

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER Avoidance Symptoms 8. Efforts to avoid distressing memories,

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER

Avoidance Symptoms
8. Efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or

feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s).
9. Efforts to avoid external reminders (people, places, conversations, activities, objects, situations) that arouse distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s).
Слайд 104

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER Avoidance Symptoms 8. Усилия, чтобы избежать тревожных воспоминаний,

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER

Avoidance Symptoms
8. Усилия, чтобы избежать тревожных воспоминаний, мыслей или

чувств тесно связанных с травмирующим событием (ы). 9. Усилия, чтобы избежать внешних напоминаний (люди, места, разговоры, мероприятия, объекты, ситуации), которые вызывают тревожные воспоминания, мысли или чувства о или тесно связаны с травмирующим событием (ы).
Слайд 105

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER Arousal Symptoms 10. Sleep disturbance (e.g., difficulty falling

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER

Arousal Symptoms
10. Sleep disturbance (e.g., difficulty falling or staying

asleep, restless sleep).
11. Irritable behavior and angry outburst (with little or no provocation), typically expressed as verbal or physical aggression toward people or objects.
12. Hypervigilance.
13. Problems with concentration.
14. Exaggerated startle response.
Слайд 106

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER C. Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in Criterion

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER

C. Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in Criterion B)

is 3 days to 1 month after trauma exposure.
Note: Symptoms typically begin immediately after the trauma, but persistence for at least 3 days and up to a month is needed to meet disorder criteria.
D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., medication or alcohol) or another medical condition (e.g., mild traumatic brain injury) and is not better explained by brief psychotic disorder.
Слайд 107

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER C. Продолжительность нарушения (симптомы критериев B) составляет от

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER

C. Продолжительность нарушения (симптомы критериев B) составляет от 3

дней до 1 месяца после Травматического события. Note: Симптомы обычно начинаются сразу после травмы, но их постоянство, по крайней мере, в течение 3 дней и до месяца необходимо для удовлетворения критериев расстройства. D. Нарушение вызывает клинически значимые расстройства или нарушения в социальных, профессиональных или других важных областях функционирования. E. Нарушение не связано с физиологическим воздействием веществ (например, лекарства или алкоголь) или другого заболевания (например, легкая черепно-мозговая травма) и не лучше объясняется кратким психотическим расстройством.
Слайд 108

ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS

ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS

Слайд 109

ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS C. The stress-related disturbance does not meet the criteria

ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS

C. The stress-related disturbance does not meet the criteria for

another mental disorder and is not merely an exacerbation of a preexisiting mental disorder.
D. The symptoms do not represent Normal Bereavement.
E. Once the stressor or its consequences have terminated, the symptoms do not persist for more than an additional 6 months.
Слайд 110

ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS Specify whether: With depressed mood: Low mood, tearfulness, or

ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS

Specify whether:
With depressed mood: Low mood, tearfulness, or feeling of

hopelessness are predominant.
With anxiety: Nervousness, worry, jitteriness, or separation anxiety is predominant.
With mixed anxiety and depressed mood: A combination of depression and anxiety is predominant.
With disturbance of conduct: Disturbance of conduct is predominated.
With mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct: Both emotional symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety) and a disturbance of conduct are predominant.
Unspecified: For maladaptive reactions that are nor classifiable as one of the specific subtypes of adjustment disorder.
Слайд 111

Chronic Adjustment Disorder Omitted by mistake from DSM-5 Acute AD –

Chronic Adjustment Disorder

Omitted by mistake from DSM-5
Acute AD – less than

6 months
Chronic AD –cannot persist more than 6 months after termination of stressor or its consequences
Слайд 112

Other Specified Trauma/Stressor-Related Disorder AD with duration more than 6 months

Other Specified Trauma/Stressor-Related Disorder

AD with duration more than 6 months without

prolonged duration of stressor
Subthreshold PTSD
Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder
Ataques Nervios and Other Cultural Symptoms
Слайд 113

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Слайд 114

Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder Onset > 12 months after death of

Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder

Onset > 12 months after death of loved

one
Yearning/Sorrow/Pre-occupation with deceased
Reactive distress to the death
Social/Identity disruption
Significant distress or impairment
Out of proportion to cultural norms
Traumatic specifier
Слайд 115

Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) Diagnostic Criteria-ICD The person experienced the

Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD)

Diagnostic Criteria-ICD
The person experienced the death of

a close relative or friend at least 12 months ago. In the case of children, the death may have occurred 6 months prior to diagnosis.
Since the death, at least one of the following symptoms is experienced on more days than not and to a clinically significant degree:
Persistent yearning/longing for the deceased. In young children, yearning may be expressed in play and behavior, including separation-reunion behavior with caregivers.
Intense sorrow and emotional pain because of the death.
Preoccupation with the deceased person.
Слайд 116

Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) Диагностические критерии-МКБ Человек пережил смерть близкого

Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD)

Диагностические критерии-МКБ Человек пережил смерть близкого родственника или

друга по крайней мере 12 месяцев назад. В случае детей смерть могла быть за 6 месяцев до постановки диагноза. После смерти, по крайней мере один из следующих симптомов наблюдается на более дней, чем нет, и в клинически значимой степени: Стойкая тоска/тоска по умершему. У маленьких детей, тоска может быть выражена в игре и поведении, в том числе разделение воссоединения поведение с воспитателями. Интенсивная скорбь и эмоциональная боль из-за смерти. Забота об умершем человеке.
Слайд 117

Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) Preoccupation with the circumstances of the

Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD)

Preoccupation with the circumstances of the death.

In children, this preoccupation with the deceased may be expressed through the themes of play and behavior and may extend to preoccupation with possible death of others close to them.
Since the death, at least six of the following symptoms (from either reactive distress or social/identity disruption) are experienced on more days than not and to a clinically significant degree:
Слайд 118

Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) Озабоченность обстоятельствами смерти. У детей эта

Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD)

Озабоченность обстоятельствами смерти. У детей эта забота

об умерших может быть выражена через темы игры и поведения и может распространяться на заботу о возможной смерти других близких им людей. После смерти, по крайней мере шесть из следующих симптомов (от реактивного бедствия или социальной / идентичности нарушения) испытываются больше дней, чем нет, и в клинически значимой степени:
Слайд 119

Reactive Distress to the Death Marked difficulty accepting the death. In

Reactive Distress to the Death

Marked difficulty accepting the death. In children,

this is dependent on the child’s capacity to comprehend the meaning and permanence of death.
Feeling shocked, stunned, or emotionally numb over the loss.
Difficulty with positive reminiscing about the deceased.
Bitterness or anger related to the loss.
Maladaptive appraisals about oneself in relation to the deceased or the death (e.g., self-blame).
Excessive avoidance of reminders of the loss (e.g., avoidance of people, places, or situations associated with the deceased; in children, this may include avoidance of thoughts and feelings regarding the deceased).
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Reactive Distress to the Death Значительные трудности принятия факта смерти. У

Reactive Distress to the Death

Значительные трудности принятия факта смерти. У детей

это зависит от способности ребенка понять значение и постоянство смерти. Чувство шока, ошеломления, или эмоционально онемение по поводу потери. Трудность с положительными воспоминаниями об умершем. Горь или гнев, связанные с потерей. Маладаптивные оценки себя по отношению к умершему или смерти (например, самообвинение, самобичевание). Чрезмерное избегание напоминаний о потере (например, избегание людей, мест или ситуаций, связанных с умершим; у детей это может включать избегание мыслей и чувств в отношении умершего).
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Social/Identity Disruption A desire to die in order to be with

Social/Identity Disruption

A desire to die in order to be with the

deceased.
Difficulty trusting other people since the death.
Feeling alone or detached from other people since the death.
Feeling that life is meaningless or empty without the deceased or the belief that one cannot function without the deceased.
Confusion about one’s role in life or a diminished sense of one’s identity (e.g., feeling that a part of oneself died with the deceased).
Difficulty or reluctance to pursue interests since the loss or to plan for the future (e.g., friendships, activities).
The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
The bereavement reaction must be out of proportion or inconsistent with cultural, religious, or age-appropriate norms.
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Social/Identity Disruption Стремление умереть, чтобы быть с покойным. Трудность доверять другим

Social/Identity Disruption

Стремление умереть, чтобы быть с покойным. Трудность доверять другим людям после

смерти. Чувство одиночества или отчуждения от других людей после смерти. Ощущение, что жизнь бессмысленна или пуста без умершего или веры в то, что человек не может функционировать без умершего. Путаница в отношении своей роли в жизни или ослабленное чувство своей идентичности (например, ощущение, что часть себя умерла вместе с умершим). Трудности или нежелание преследовать интересы после потери или планировать на будущее (например, дружба, деятельность). Состояние вызывает клинически значимые расстройства или нарушения в социальных, профессиональных или других важных областях функционирования. Реакция утраты должна быть несоразмерной или несовместимой с культурными, религиозными или возрастными нормами.
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Specify if: With Traumatic Bereavement: Following a death that occurred under

Specify if:
With Traumatic Bereavement: Following a death that occurred under traumatic

circumstances (homicide, suicide, disaster, or accident), there are persistent, frequent distressing thoughts, images, or feelings related to traumatic features of the death (the deceased’s degree of suffering, gruesome injury, blame of self or others for the death), including in response to reminders of the loss.
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Specify if: С травматической утратой: После смерти, которая произошла при травматических

Specify if:
С травматической утратой:
После смерти, которая произошла при травматических обстоятельствах

(убийство, самоубийство, катастрофа, или несчастный случай), есть стойкие, частые тревожные мысли, образы, или чувства, связанные с травматическими особенностями смерти (степень страдания умершего, ужасные травмы, вина себя или других за смерть), в том числе в ответ на напоминания о потере.
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Take home points Anxiety, and Related, and Trauma and Stressor-related disorders

Take home points

Anxiety, and Related, and Trauma and Stressor-related disorders are

common, common, common!
There are significant comorbid psychiatric conditions associated with anxiety disorders!
Screening questions can help identify or rule out diagnoses
There are many effective treatments including psychotherapy and psychopharmacology
There is a huge amount of suffering associated with these disorders!
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Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Changes in PTSD Criteria Четыре кластера симптомов,

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Changes in PTSD Criteria
Четыре кластера симптомов, а не

три
Re-experiencing
Avoidance
Persistent negative alterations in mood and cognition
Arousal: describes behavioral symptoms
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Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Changes in PTSD Criteria DSM-5 more clearly

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Changes in PTSD Criteria
DSM-5 more clearly defines what

constitutes a traumatic event
Sexual assault is specifically included
Recurring exposure, that could apply to
first responders
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Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Changes in PTSD Criteria DSM-5 более четко

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Changes in PTSD Criteria
DSM-5 более четко определяет, что

представляет собой травматическое событие
Включено сексуальное насилие Повторяющаяся травма,
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Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Changes in PTSD Criteria Recognition of PTSD

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Changes in PTSD Criteria
Recognition of PTSD in Young

children
Developmentally sensitive:
Criteria have been modified for children age 6 and younger
Thresholds – number of symptoms in each cluster - have been lowered
Слайд 131

DSM-5: PTSD Criterion A A. The person was exposed to death,

DSM-5: PTSD Criterion A

A. The person was exposed to death, threatened

death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence, as follows:
1. Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s).
2. Свидетель (лично) события, которое произошло с другими.
Слайд 132

Criterion A (continued): 3. Indirectly, by learning that a close relative

Criterion A (continued):

3. Indirectly, by learning that a close relative or

close friend was exposed to trauma. If the event involved actual or threatened death, it must have been violent or accidental.
4. Repeated or extreme indirect exposure to aversive details of the event(s), usually in the course of professional duties (first responders, collecting body parts; professionals repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse). This does not include indirect non-professional exposure through electronic media, television, movies or pictures.
Слайд 133

Criterion A (continued): 3. Косвенно, узнать, что близкий родственник или близкий

Criterion A (continued):

3. Косвенно, узнать, что близкий родственник или близкий друг

травмированы. Если событие связано с фактической или угрожаемой смертью, оно должно быть насильственным или случайным. 4. Повторное или крайнее косвенное воздействие на психологически тяжелые детали события (ы), как правило, в ходе выполнения профессиональных обязанностей (сбор частей тела; специалисты неоднократно подвергаюшиеся деталям жестокого обращения с детьми). Это не включает в себя косвенное непрофессиональное воздействие через электронные средства массовой информации, телевидение, фильмы или фотографии.
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CRITERION B - Intrusion (5 Sx – Need 1) Recurrent, involuntary

CRITERION B - Intrusion (5 Sx – Need 1)

Recurrent, involuntary and

intrusive recollections *
* children may express this symptom in repetitive play
Traumatic nightmares
* children may have disturbing dreams without content related to trauma
Dissociative reactions (flashbacks) which may occur on a continuum from brief episodes to complete loss of consciousness *
* children may re-enact the event in play
Intense or prolonged distress after exposure to traumatic reminders
Marked physiological reactivity after exposure to trauma-related stimuli
Слайд 135

C. Persistent effortful avoidance of distressing trauma-related stimuli after the event

C. Persistent effortful avoidance of distressing trauma-related stimuli after the event

(1/2 symptoms needed):

Trauma-related thoughts or feelings
Trauma-related external reminders (people, places, conversations, activities, objects or situations)

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CRITERION D – negative alterations in cognition & Mood (7 Sx

CRITERION D – negative alterations in cognition & Mood (7 Sx

– Need 2)

Inability to recall key features of the traumatic event (usually dissociative amnesia; not due to head injury, alcohol or drugs)
Persistent (& often distorted) negative beliefs and expectations about oneself or the world ( “I am bad,” “the world is completely dangerous”)
Persistent distorted blame of self or others for causing the traumatic event or for resulting consequences (new)
Persistent negative trauma-related emotions (fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame) (new)
Markedly diminished interest in (pre-traumatic) significant activities
Feeling alienated from others (detachment or estrangement)
Constricted affect: persistent inability to experience positive emotions

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CRITERION D – negative alterations in cognition & Mood (7 Sx

CRITERION D – negative alterations in cognition & Mood (7 Sx

– Need 2)

Неспособность вспомнить ключевые характеристики травматического события (обычно диссоциативная амнезия; не из-за травмы головы, алкоголя или наркотиков) Стойкие (часто искаженные) негативные убеждения о себе или мире ("Я плохой", "мир совершенно опасен") Постоянное искаженное обвинение себя или других в причинение травматического события или в результате последствий (новый) Постоянные негативные эмоции, связанные с травмой (страх, ужас, гнев, чувство вины или стыд) (новые) Заметно снижение интереса к (предтравматическому) тому, что вызывало Чувство отчуждения от других (отрешенность или отчуждение) Суженное эмоций: постоянная неспособность испытывать положительные эмоции

Слайд 138

CRITERION E – Trauma-related alterations in arousal and reactivity that began

CRITERION E – Trauma-related alterations in arousal and reactivity that began

or worsened after the traumatic event (2/6 symptoms)

Irritable or aggressive behavior
Self-destructive or reckless behavior (new)
Hypervigilance
Exaggerated startle response
Problems in concentration
Sleep disturbance

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CRITERION E – Trauma-related alterations in arousal and reactivity that began

CRITERION E – Trauma-related alterations in arousal and reactivity that began

or worsened after the traumatic event (2/6 symptoms)

Раздраженное или агрессивное поведение Саморазрушительное или безрассудное поведение (новое) Сверхбдительность Преувеличенный ответ startle response Проблемы в концентрации Нарушение сна

Слайд 140

PTSD Criteria for DSM-5 F. Persistence of symptoms (in Criteria B,

PTSD Criteria for DSM-5

F. Persistence of symptoms (in Criteria B,

C, D and E) for more than one month
G. Significant symptom-related distress or functional impairment
H. Not due to medication, substance or illness
Слайд 141

Preschool Subtype: 6 Years or Younger Relative to broader diagnosis for

Preschool Subtype: 6 Years or Younger Relative to broader diagnosis for adults

(or those over 6 years):

•Criterion B – no change (1 Sx needed)
•1 Sx from EITHER Criterion C or D
- C cluster – no change (2 Avoidance Sx)
- D cluster – 4/7 adult Sx
Preschool does not include amnesia; foreshortened future;
persistent blame of self or others
•Criterion E – 5/6 adult Sx (2 Sx needed)
Preschool does not include reckless behavior

Слайд 142

A. In children (younger than 6 years), exposure to actual or

A. In children (younger than 6 years), exposure to actual or

threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, as follows:

Direct exposure
Witnessing, in person, (especially as the event occurred to primary caregivers) Note: Witnessing does not include viewing events in electronic media, television, movies, or pictures.
Indirect exposure, learning that a parent or caregiver was exposed

Слайд 143

DSM-5: Preschool PTSD Criterion B B. Presence of one or more

DSM-5: Preschool PTSD Criterion B

B. Presence of one or more intrusion

symptoms associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning after the traumatic event(s) occurred:
Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing recollections (which may be expressed as play)
Traumatic nightmares in which the content or affect is related to the traumatic event(s). Note: It’s not always possible to determine that the frightening content is related to the traumatic event.
3.Dissociative reactions (e.g., flashbacks); such trauma-specific re-enactment may occur in play
4.Intense or prolonged distress after exposure to traumatic reminders
5.Marked physiological reactions after exposure to trauma-related stimuli
Слайд 144

Preschool PTSD Criterion C One or more symptoms from either Criterion

Preschool PTSD Criterion C

One or more symptoms from either Criterion C

or D below:
C. Persistent effortful avoidance of trauma-related stimuli:
Avoidance of activities, places, or physical reminders
Avoidance of people, conversations, or interpersonal situations
D. Persistent trauma-related negative alterations in cognitions and mood beginning or worsening after the traumatic event occurred, as evidenced by one or more of the following:
Negative emotional states (e.g., fear, guilt, sadness, shame, confusion)
Diminished interest in significant activities, including constriction of play
Socially withdrawn behavior
Reduced expression of positive emotions
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Preschool PTSD Criterion E E. Alterations in arousal and reactivity associated

Preschool PTSD Criterion E

E. Alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with

the traumatic event,, as evidenced by two or more of the following:
Irritable behavior and angry outbursts (including extreme temper tantrums)
Hypervigilance
Exaggerated startle response
Problems with concentration
Sleep disturbance
Слайд 146

Preschool PTSD for DSM-5 F. Duration (of Criteria B, C, D

Preschool PTSD for DSM-5

F. Duration (of Criteria B, C, D and

E) is more than 1 month
G. The symptoms causes clinically significant distress or impairment in relationships
H. Symptoms are not attributable to a substance (e.g., medication or alcohol) or medical condition
Слайд 147

Summary: PTSD in DSM-5 Perhaps PTSD should be re-conceptualized as a

Summary: PTSD in DSM-5

Perhaps PTSD should be re-conceptualized as a spectrum

disorder in which several distinct pathological posttraumatic phenotypes are distinguished symptomatically & psycho-biologically.
If so, optimal treatment for one phenotype might not necessarily be the best treatment for another.
Слайд 148

Summary: PTSD in DSM-5 Возможно, ПТСР следует ре-концептуализировать как расстройство спектра,

Summary: PTSD in DSM-5

Возможно, ПТСР следует ре-концептуализировать как расстройство спектра, при

котором несколько различных патологических посттравматических фенотипов отличаются симптоматично и психобиологически. Если это так, оптимальное лечение для одного фенотипа не обязательно может быть лучшим лечением для другого.
Слайд 149

Dissociative Subtype of PTSD New subtype for both age groupings of

Dissociative Subtype of PTSD

New subtype for both age groupings of PTSD

diagnosis:
Meets PTSD diagnostic criteria
Experiences additional high levels of depersonalization or derealization
Dissociative symptoms are not related to substance use or other medical condition
Слайд 150

specifiers Specify whether: With dissociative symptoms: The individual’s symptoms meet the

specifiers

Specify whether:
With dissociative symptoms: The individual’s symptoms meet the criteria for

PTSD, and in addition, in response to the stressor, the individual experiences persistent or recurring symptoms of either of the following:
Depersonalization: Persistent or recurrent experiences of feeling detached from , and as if one was an outside observer of, one’s mental processes or body (e.g., feeling as though one were in a dream; feeling sense of unreality of self or body or of time moving slowly).
Derealization: Persistent or recurrent experiences of unreality of surroundings (e.g., the world around the individual is experienced as unreal, dreamlike, distant or distorted).
Note: To use this subtype, the dissociate symptoms must not be attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., blackouts, behavior during intoxication) or other medical condition.
Слайд 151

specifiers Укажите, есть ли: С диссоциативными симптомами: Симптомы человека отвечают критериям

specifiers

Укажите, есть ли: С диссоциативными симптомами: Симптомы человека отвечают критериям ПТСР, и,

кроме того, в ответ на стрессор, человек испытывает стойкие или повторяющиеся симптомы любого из следующих: Деперсонализация: Постоянный или периодический опыт чувства оторванности от , и как если бы один был внешним наблюдателем, свои психические процессы или тело (например, чувство, как будто один был во сне; чувство нереальности себя или тела или времени- замедленно). Дереализация: Постоянные или повторяющиеся переживания нереальности окружения (например, мир вокруг индивидуума испытывается как нереальный, сказочный, далекий или искаженный). Примечание: Для использования этого подтипа диссоциативные симптомы не должны быть связаны с физиологическим воздействием вещества или другим заболеванием.
Слайд 152

CAPS Clinician Administered PTSD Scale National Center for PTSD (www.ptsd.va.gov) 20

CAPS Clinician Administered PTSD Scale

National Center for PTSD (www.ptsd.va.gov)
20 item structured clinical

interview
Primarily for diagnosis
Good psychometrics and inter-rater relaibilty
“Gold Standard” for diagnosing PTSD (if diagnosis will be questioned or challanged)
Clinician administered and clinician scored (not self-report)
Each symptom has a qualitative section used to derive quantitative evaluation of symptom
Intensity x Frequency/2 = Severity
Severity score of > 2 = endorsement of that symptom
Слайд 153

1. (B1) Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic

1. (B1) Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic

event(s). Note: In children older than 6 years, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the traumatic event(s) are expressed.
In the past month, have you had any unwanted memories of (EVENT) while you were awake, so not counting dreams? [Rate 0=Absent if only during dreams]
How does it happen that you start remembering (EVENT)?
[If not clear:] (Are these unwanted memories, or are you thinking about [EVENT] on purpose?) [Rate 0=Absent unless perceived as involuntary and intrusive]
How much do these memories bother you?
Are you able to put them out of your mind and think about something else?
Circle: Distress = Minimal Clearly Present Pronounced Extreme
How often have you had these memories in the past month? # of times __________
Key rating dimensions = frequency / intensity of distress
Moderate = at least 2 X month / distress clearly present, some difficulty dismissing memories
Severe = at least 2 X week / pronounced distress, considerable difficulty dismissing memories
0 – absent
1 – mild
2 – moderate
3 – severe
4 – extreme
Слайд 154

PCL Posttraumatic Check List National Center for PTSD (www.ptsd.va.gov) Simple, easy

PCL Posttraumatic Check List

National Center for PTSD (www.ptsd.va.gov)
Simple, easy to administer
Self-report or

clinician administered
20 item – all 20 symptoms
CRITERION B: Items 1-5
CRITERION C: Items 6-7
CRITERION D: Items 8 – 14
CRITERION E: Items 15 – 20
Score of > 2 = endorsement of that symptom
Слайд 155

TRS Trauma Recovery Scale Gentry, 1996 Developed as an outcome instrument

TRS Trauma Recovery Scale

Gentry, 1996
Developed as an outcome instrument
Good psychometrics (Chronbach’s a

= .86 & convergent validity with IES = -.71)
Solution-focused
Mean score = % recovery from trauma
Scores > 75 = minimal impairment
Scores < 75 begin impairment spectrum and need stabilization
5a & 5b opportunity to discuss “am safe vs. feels safe”
Part I is trauma inventory and administered only at intake
Part II is repeated measure for outcomes
Scores < 50 = treatment plan issue
Слайд 156

Early Sessions Graphic Time Line of life including ALL significant traumatic

Early Sessions

Graphic Time Line of life including ALL significant traumatic experiences
Verbal

Narrative using GTL as map
Video-recording
Asking client to view video (if they can tolerate) with attitude of ACCEPTANCE, COMPASSION & CURIOSITY
Слайд 157

PTSD Epidemiology 7-9% of general population 60-80% of trauma victims 30%

PTSD Epidemiology

7-9% of general population
60-80% of trauma victims
30% of combat veterans
50-80%

of sexual assault victims
Increased risk in women, younger people
Risk increases with “dose” of trauma, lack of social support, pre-existing psychiatric disorder
Слайд 158

PTSD Epidemiology Among the few diagnoses in DSM that speaks of

PTSD Epidemiology

Among the few diagnoses in DSM that speaks of etiology
It

is a severe mental response caused in response to a traumatic event, unusual in intensity such as: combat, rape, robbery, serious accident, attack, etc. About 20% of those exposed to a traumatic event will develop PTSD Lifetime prevalence - women, 10% - men. 5% - In 2005, nearly 8% of Americans had PTSD. 8% men and 20% of women will develop PTSD after trauma and 30% of them will develop PTSD CHRONIC
Слайд 159

PTSD Epidemiology Среди немногих диагнозов в DSM, где известна этиология говорит

PTSD Epidemiology

Среди немногих диагнозов в DSM, где известна этиология говорит об

этиологии
Это тяжелая умственная реакция, вызванная в ответ на травматическое событие, необычное по интенсивности, такие как: борьба, изнасилование, ограбление, серьезные несчастные случая, нападения и т.д. Около 20% из тех, кто подвергается травматического события будет развиваться PTSD Пожизненная распространенность - женщины, 10% - мужчины. 5% - В 2005 году почти 8% американцев имели PTSD. 8% мужчин и 20% женщин будут развиваться ПТСР после травмы и 30% из них будут развиваться PTSD CHRONIC
Слайд 160

Comorbidities Depression Other anxiety disorders Substance use disorders Somatization Dissociative disorders

Comorbidities

Depression
Other anxiety disorders
Substance use disorders
Somatization
Dissociative disorders

Слайд 161

Types of PTSD Acute PTSD - symptoms less than three months

Types of PTSD

Acute PTSD - symptoms less than three months
Chronic PTSD

- symptoms more than three months
Although symptoms usually begin within 3 months of exposure, a delayed onset is possible months or even years after the event has occurred.
[Can J Psychiatry, Vol 51, Suppl 2, July 2006]
Слайд 162

Age of Onset and Cultural Features Can occur at any age,

Age of Onset and Cultural Features

Can occur at any age, including

childhood, and can affect anyone.
Individuals who have recently immigrated from areas of considerable social unrest and civil conflict may have elevated rates of PTSD.
No clear evidence that members of different ethnic or minority groups are more or less susceptible than others.
Слайд 163

Onset

Onset

Слайд 164

Слайд 165

Course The symptoms and the relative predominance of re-experiencing, avoidance, and

Course

The symptoms and the relative predominance of re-experiencing, avoidance, and increased

arousal symptoms may vary over time.
Duration of symptoms also varies: Complete recovery occurs within 3 months after the trauma in approximately half of the cases. Others can have persisting symptoms for longer than 12 months after the trauma.
Symptom reactivation may occur in response to reminders of the original trauma, life stressors, or new traumatic events.
Слайд 166

Course Continued The severity, duration, and proximity of an individual’s exposure

Course Continued

The severity, duration, and proximity of an individual’s exposure to

a traumatic event are the most important factors affecting the likelihood of developing PTSD.
Social supports, family history, childhood experiences, personality variables, and pre-existing mental disorders may influence the development of PTSD.
PTSD can also develop in individuals without any predisposing conditions, particularly if the stressor is extreme.
The disorder may be especially severe or long lasting when the stressor is of human design (torture, rape).
Слайд 167

Course Continued Тяжесть, продолжительность и близость воздействия травматического события являются наиболее

Course Continued

Тяжесть, продолжительность и близость воздействия травматического события являются наиболее важными

факторами, влияющими на вероятность развития ПТСР. Социальная поддержка, семейная история, детский опыт, не сформированные личности и уже существующие психические расстройства могут влиять на развитие ПТСР. ПТСР может также развиваться у людей без каких-либо предрасполагающие условия, особенно если стрессор является экстремальным. Расстройство может быть особенно тяжелым или длительным, когда стрессор человеческого дизайна (пытки, изнасилования).
Слайд 168

Estimated Risk for Developing PTSD Based on Event Rape (49%) Severe

Estimated Risk for Developing PTSD Based on Event

Rape (49%)
Severe beating or

physical assault (31.9%), Other sexual assault (23.7%)
Serious accident or injury (car or train accident) (16.8%), Shooting or stabbing (15.4%)
Sudden, unexpected death of family member or friend (14.3%)
Child’s life-threatening illness (10.4%)
Witness to killing of serious injury (7.3%)
Natural Disaster (3.8%)
Слайд 169

Differential Diagnosis Anxiety disorders Acute Stress Disorder Obsessive compulsive disorder Adjustment

Differential Diagnosis

Anxiety disorders
Acute Stress Disorder
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Adjustment disorder
Depressive disorders
Substance Abuse disorders


Слайд 170

PTSD Compared to Other Disorders While the symptoms of posttraumatic stress

PTSD Compared to Other Disorders

While the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder

(PTSD) may seem similar to those of other disorders, there are differences.
Acute stress disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Adjustment disorder
Слайд 171

Differences between Acute Stress Disorder In general, the symptoms of acute

Differences between Acute Stress Disorder

In general, the symptoms of acute stress

disorder must occur within four weeks of a traumatic event and come to an end within that four-week time period.
If symptoms last longer than one month and follow other patterns common to PTSD, a person’s diagnosis may change from acute stress disorder to PTSD.
Слайд 172

Differences between PTSD and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Both have recurrent, intrusive thoughts

Differences between PTSD and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Both have recurrent, intrusive thoughts as

a symptom, but the types of thoughts are one way to distinguish these disorders. Thoughts present in obsessive-compulsive disorder do not usually relate to a past traumatic event. With PTSD, the thoughts are invariably connected to a past traumatic event.
Слайд 173

Differences Between PTSD and Adjustment Disorder PTSD symptoms can also seem

Differences Between PTSD and Adjustment Disorder

PTSD symptoms can also seem similar

to adjustment disorder because both are linked with anxiety that develops after exposure to a stressor. With PTSD, this stressor is a traumatic event. With adjustment disorder, the stressor does not have to be severe or outside the “normal” human experience.
Слайд 174

Differences Between PTSD and Depression Depression after trauma and PTSD both

Differences Between PTSD and Depression

Depression after trauma and PTSD both may

present numbing and avoidance features, but depression would not induce hyperarousal or intrusive symptoms
Слайд 175

Who's more for it? Stressor Volume Sudden (Unexpected) Inability to control

Who's more for it?

Stressor Volume Sudden (Unexpected) Inability to control what is happening Sexual

as opposed to nonsexual- victimization In their young man Lack of support system
Слайд 176

An adult's risk for psychological distress will increase as the number

An adult's risk for psychological distress will increase as the number

of the following factors increases:

Female gender
40 to 60 years old
Little previous experience or training relevant to coping with disaster
Ethnic minority
Low socioeconomic status
Children present in the home

Слайд 177

An adult's risk for psychological distress will increase as the number

An adult's risk for psychological distress will increase as the number

of the following factors increases:

For women, the presence of a spouse, especially if he is significantly distressed
Psychiatric history
Severe exposure to the disaster, especially injury, life threat, and extreme loss
Living in a highly disrupted or traumatized community
Secondary stress and resource loss

Слайд 178

Why PTSD Victims Might Be Resistant to Getting Help Sometimes hard

Why PTSD Victims Might Be Resistant to Getting Help

Sometimes hard because

people expect to be able to handle a traumatic even on their own
People may blame themselves
Traumatic experience might be too painful to discuss
Some people avoid the event all together
PTSD can make some people feel isolated making it hard for them to get help
People don’t always make the connection between the traumatic event and the symptoms; anxiety, anger, and possible physical symptoms often have more than one anxiety disorder or may suffer from depression or substance abuse
Слайд 179

Why PTSD Victims Might Be Resistant to Getting Help Потому что

Why PTSD Victims Might Be Resistant to Getting Help

Потому что люди

ожидают, что смогут справиться сами по себе Люди могут винить себя Травматический опыт может быть слишком болезненным для обсуждения Некоторые люди избегают обсуждать события все вместе PTSD может заставить некоторых людей чувствовать себя изолированными, что затрудняет для них получение помощи Люди не всегда делают связь между травмирующим событием и симптомами; тревога, гнев, и возможные физические симптомы часто имеют более одного тревожного расстройства или могут страдать от депрессии или злоупотребления психоактивными веществами
Слайд 180

During a Traumatic Event Norepinephrine- Mobilizing fear, the flight response, sympathetic

During a Traumatic Event

Norepinephrine- Mobilizing fear, the flight response, sympathetic activation,

consolidating memory
Too much = hypervigalence, autonomic arousal, flashbacks, and intrusive memories
Serotonin- self- defense, rage and attenuation of fear
Too little = aggression, violence, impulsivity, depression, anxiety
PTSD victims – switch is stuck on
Слайд 181

Treatment Individual Therapy Group Support (especially for Chronic PTSD) Medication

Treatment
Individual Therapy
Group Support (especially for Chronic PTSD)
Medication

Слайд 182

Treatment Continued For PTSD in children, adolescents, and geriatrics the preferred

Treatment Continued

For PTSD in children, adolescents, and geriatrics the preferred treatment

is psychotherapy

Acute PTSD - Stress debriefing and psychotherapy
Severe Acute PTSD - Stress debriefing, medication, group and individual psychotherapy
Chronic PTSD - Stress debriefing, medication, group and individual psychotherapy

Слайд 183

Treatment Continued Exposure Therapy- Education about common reactions to trauma, breathing

Treatment Continued

Exposure Therapy- Education about common reactions to trauma, breathing retraining,

and repeated exposure to the past trauma in graduated doses. The goal is for the traumatic event to be remembered without anxiety or panic resulting.
Cognitive Therapy- Separating the intrusive thoughts from the associated anxiety that they produce.
Stress inoculation training- variant of exposure training teaches client to relax. Helps the client relax when thinking about traumatic event exposure by providing client a script.
Слайд 184

Treatment Continued Exposure Therapy- Объяснение об общих реакциях на травмы, обучение

Treatment Continued

Exposure Therapy- Объяснение об общих реакциях на травмы, обучение дыханию,

и неоднократные обсуждения прошлых травм в градуированных дозах. Цель состоит в том, чтобы травматическое событие, вспоминалось без беспокойства или паники.
Cognitive Therapy- Отделение навязчивых мыслей от связанного с этим беспокойства, которое они производят.
Stress inoculation training- вариант обучения экспозиции, который учит пациента расслабляться. Помогает пациенту расслабиться, думая о травматической экспозиции событий, предоставляя пациенту сценарий.
Слайд 185

Treatment Continued “Cognitive Restructuring involved teaching and reinforcing self-monitoring or thoughts

Treatment Continued

“Cognitive Restructuring involved teaching and reinforcing self-monitoring or thoughts and

emotions, identifying automatic thoughts that accompany distressing emotions, learning about different types of cognitive distortions, and working to dispute the distress-enhancing cognitions, with a particular focus on abuse-related cognitions, for which the therapist remained alert during the personal experience work.”
“In summary for women who did not drop out, CBT treatment was highly effective for achieving remission of PTSD diagnosis, ameliorating PTSD symptom severity, and reducing trauma-related cognitive distortions, compared with a WL control Group.”
in Adult Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 515-524.)
Слайд 186

Medications SSRIs – Sertraline, Paroxetine, Escitalopram, Fluvoxamine, Fluoxetine Affects the concentration

Medications

SSRIs – Sertraline, Paroxetine, Escitalopram, Fluvoxamine, Fluoxetine
Affects the concentration and activity

of the neurotransmitter Serotonin
May reduce depression, intrusive and avoidant symptoms, anger, explosive outbursts, hyperarousal symptoms, and numbing
Слайд 187

Medications Continued Tricyclic Antidepressants- Clomipramine , Doxepin, Nortriptyline, Amitriptyline, Maprotiline, Desipramine

Medications Continued

Tricyclic Antidepressants- Clomipramine , Doxepin, Nortriptyline, Amitriptyline, Maprotiline, Desipramine
Affects concentration

and activity of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine
Have been shown to reduce insomnia, dream disturbance, anxiety, guild, flashbacks, and depression
Слайд 188

Treatment With treatment, symptoms should improve after 3 months In Chronic PTSD cases, 1-2 years

Treatment
With treatment, symptoms should improve after 3 months
In Chronic PTSD cases,

1-2 years
Слайд 189

Treatment Combination of antidepressant and anxiety medication In practice, you get

Treatment

Combination of antidepressant and anxiety medication In practice, you get to

the whole spectrum of drugs. Psychological therapy – CBT is currently accepted pe method with very good results.
Слайд 190

Future Direction of Treatment Continued “Early Diagnosis and intervention- either psychotherapeutic

Future Direction of Treatment Continued
“Early Diagnosis and intervention- either psychotherapeutic or

pharmacological- following trauma may some day reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.”
“Cognitive models- how the victim understands and appraises the stressful experience- are influential, and cognitive style also helps predict the occurrence of PTSD.”
(Levin, Aaron, Experts Seek Best Way To Treat Trauma Reactions, Psychiatric News, 2006, 41)
Слайд 191

PTSD Myths PTSD is a complex disorder that often is misunderstood.

PTSD Myths PTSD is a complex disorder that often is misunderstood. Not

everyone who experiences a traumatic event will develop PTSD, but many people do.

MYTH:

People should be able to move on with their lives after a traumatic event. Those who can’t cope are weak.

FACT:

Although PTSD does affect war veterans, PTSD can
affect anyone. Almost 70 percent of Americans will be
exposed to a traumatic event in their lifetime. Of those
people, up to 20 percent will go on to develop PTSD. An
estimated one out of 10 women will develop PTSD at
sometime in their lives.

Слайд 192

PTSD Myths MYTH: People should be able to move on with

PTSD Myths

MYTH:

People should be able to move on with their

lives after a traumatic event. Those who can’t cope are weak.

FACT:

Victims of trauma related to physical and sexual assault
face the greatest risk of developing PTSD. Women are
about twice as likely to develop PTSD as men, perhaps
because women are more likely to experience trauma
that involves these types of interpersonal violence,
including rape and severe beatings. Victims of domestic
violence and childhood abuse also are at tremendous risk
for PTSD.

Слайд 193

PTSD Myths Continued FACT: Many people who experience an extremely traumatic

PTSD Myths Continued
FACT:
Many people who experience an extremely traumatic event go

through an adjustment period following the experience. Most of these people are able to return to leading a normal life. However, the stress caused by trauma can affect all aspects of a person’s life, including mental, emotional and physical well-being. Research suggests that prolonged trauma may disrupt and alter brain chemistry. For some people, a traumatic event changes their views about themselves and the world around them. This may lead to the development of PTSD.
Слайд 194

PTSD Myths Continued FACT: Многие люди, которые испытывают чрезвычайно травматическое событие

PTSD Myths Continued
FACT:
Многие люди, которые испытывают чрезвычайно травматическое событие проходят через

период адаптации после этого опыта. Большинство из этих людей могут вернуться к нормальной жизни. Однако стресс, вызванный травмой, может повлиять на все аспекты жизни человека, включая психическое, эмоциональное и физическое благополучие. Исследования показывают, что длительная травма может нарушить и изменить химию мозга. Для некоторых людей травматическое событие меняет их взгляды на себя и окружающий мир. Это может привести к развитию ПТСР.
Слайд 195

PTSD Myths Continued MYTH: People suffer from PTSD right after they

PTSD Myths Continued

MYTH:
People suffer from PTSD right after they experience a

traumatic event.
FACT:
PTSD symptoms usually develop within the first three months after trauma but may not appear until months or years have passed. These symptoms may continue for years following the trauma or, in some cases, symptoms may subside and reoccur later in life, which often is the case with victims of childhood abuse.
Some people don't recognize that they have PTSD because they may not associate their current symptoms with past trauma. In domestic violence situations, the victim may not realize that their prolonged, constant exposure to abuse puts them at risk.
Слайд 196

What is Prolonged Exposure? PE is a type of CBT, which

What is Prolonged Exposure?

PE is a type of CBT, which is

designed to specifically target a number of trauma-related difficulties.
Results of several controlled studies have shown it significantly reduce PTSD and other symptoms such as anxiety and depression, particularly in women following sexual and non-sexual assault (Foa et al., 1999).
Clients meet once a week with a therapist for 60 to 90 minutes.
Слайд 197

education about common reactions to trauma breathing retraining (or relaxation training)

education about common reactions to trauma
breathing retraining (or relaxation training)


prolonged (repeated) exposure to trauma memories
repeated in vivo (i.e., in real life) exposure to non-dangerous situations that are avoided due to trauma-related fear. 
Clients are encouraged to confront the memory of the trauma through repeatedly telling the story to the therapist and to confront things in life that are avoiding because they are frightening (e.g., driving in a car, walking on the street at night).

Treatment sessions include

Слайд 198

Post-treatment data from a study conducted by Foa and colleagues (1999)

Post-treatment data from a study conducted by Foa and colleagues (1999)

comparing prolonged exposure (PE), stress inoculation training (SIT; another cognitive-behavioral therapy focusing on anxiety management techniques), and the combination of PE and SIT, to a waitlist control (WL).  96 sexual and non-sexual assault survivors with chronic PTSD  
Слайд 199

Combat Reaction Combat stress reaction, better known as "Shell Shock" is

Combat Reaction

Combat stress reaction, better known as "Shell Shock" is

the post traumatic reaction of a soldier to an event which happened while in active combat.
Between 10 and 15% (30%...or more) of all wounded soldiers during a war are combat reaction victims.
In Israel there are 4000 such victims.
Слайд 200

The Background of Combat Reaction The transition from civilian life to

The Background of Combat Reaction

The transition from civilian life to

military life is acute.
The soldier loses freedom of choice and mobility and he must submit to coercing commanding authorities.
In order to adapt to the military surroundings and to the accompanying unpleasant conditions, the soldier must find within himself and use coping and adjusting mechanism.
Слайд 201

The Background of Combat Reaction In wartime, a new and even

The Background of Combat Reaction

In wartime, a new and even

more acute transition is added - the transition from conditions of peace and security to conditions of war.
This transition entails further conflicts which add to the emotional burden of the soldier.
The danger of being wounded or even killed is clear and tangible and becomes a constant burden on his emotional state.
This pressure brings with it a drive to leave the danger zone.
Слайд 202

The Background of Combat Reaction On the other hand, the soldier

The Background of Combat Reaction

On the other hand, the soldier

feels solidarity with his unit, pride and honor and a bond to his friends and commanding officers and a feeling of responsibility for their fate, all of which contribute to his drive to continue and fight.
Слайд 203

Risk Factors All the factors that influence the incidence of post-traumatic

Risk Factors

All the factors that influence the incidence of post-traumatic

reactions in general, plus:
Physical fatigue
Lack of sleep
Prolonged physical exertion
Conditions of hunger
Heat or cold
Слайд 204

Risk Factors Enforced passivity. When the soldier is deprived of activity

Risk Factors

Enforced passivity. When the soldier is deprived of activity

and is in a state of waiting
Decreased morale.
The degree of support the soldier receives in his unit
The degree of identification with the goal.
How much the soldier feels a part of the mission he is involved in?
Слайд 205

PIE principles Proximity - treat the casualties close to the front

PIE principles

Proximity - treat the casualties close to the front and

within sound of the fighting
Immediacy - treat them without delay and not wait till the wounded were all dealt with
Expectancy - ensure that everyone had the expectation of their return to the front after a rest and replenishment

United States medical officer Thomas W. Salmon 

Слайд 206

The US services recently use BICEPS principles: Brevity Immediacy Centrality or Contact Expectancy Proximity Simplicity

The US services recently use BICEPS principles:

Brevity
Immediacy
Centrality or Contact


Expectancy
Proximity
Simplicity
Слайд 207

The US services recently use BICEPS principles: Краткости (Brevity ) Непосредственности

The US services recently use BICEPS principles:

Краткости (Brevity ) Непосредственности (Immediacy) Центральность или

контакт (Centrality or Contact ) Продолжительность (Expectancy) Близости (Proximity) Простота (Simplicity)
Слайд 208

Treatment results Data from the 1982 Lebanon war showed that with

Treatment results

Data from the 1982 Lebanon war showed that with proximal

treatment 90% of CSR casualties returned to their unit, usually within 72 hours.
With rearward treatment only 40% returned to their unit.
In Korea 85% of US battle fatigue casualties returned to duty within three days and 10% returned to limited duties after several weeks.
Слайд 209

Controversy Throughout wars but notably during the Vietnam War there has

Controversy

Throughout wars but notably during the Vietnam War there has been

a conflict amongst doctors about sending distressed soldiers back to combat.
During the Vietnam War this reached a peak with much discussion about the ethics of this process.
Proponents of the PIES principles argue that it leads to a reduction of long-term disability
Opponents argue that combat stress reactions lead to long-term problems such as posttraumatic stress disorder.
Слайд 210

Controversy На протяжении войн, но особенно во время войны во Вьетнаме,

Controversy

На протяжении войн, но особенно во время войны во Вьетнаме, был

конфликт между врачами об отправке проблемных солдат обратно в бой. Во время войны во Вьетнаме это достигло пика с большим обсуждением этики этого процесса. Сторонники принципов PIES утверждают, что это приводит к сокращению длительной инвалидности Противники утверждают, что боевые стрессовые реакции приводят к долгосрочным проблемам, таким как ПостТравматическое Стрессовое Расстройство.
Слайд 211

Holocaust syndrome First generation Second generation

Holocaust syndrome

First generation Second generation

Слайд 212

Re-experiencing Intrusive thoughts Nightmares flashbacks Avoidance Hyperarousal Reminders Hyperarousal Angry outbursts

Re-experiencing

Intrusive thoughts
Nightmares
flashbacks

Avoidance

Hyperarousal

Reminders
Hyperarousal

Angry outbursts
Startle response
Lacks concentration
Disomnia

THREE PRONGS OF PTSD

TAKE HOME

Persistent negative

alterations in mood and cognition