Neurodevelopmental disorders

Outline

Overview of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Specific Learning Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Intellectual Disability

Focus Questions

What are the defining features of ADHD?
What is a specific

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Diagnosed first in infancy, childhood, or adolescence
Include the following:
Attention deficit

Nature of Developmental Psychopathology: An Overview

Normal vs. abnormal development
Consider age and

Stuttering Cluttering -rapid and/or irregular speech rate
causative gene mutations linked to

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Nature of ADHD
Central features – inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity
Associated

Types of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Subtypes(ADHD)

Inattentive
Hyperactive/impulsive
Combined

ADHD: Facts and Statistics

Prevalence
Occurs in approximately 5% of school-aged children

Test ADHD

The 'Unofficial' ADHD Test for Adults https://youtu.be/iozAFIr3BEw till 12min 24
Test

ADHD: Facts and Statistics, Continued

Course of ADHD
Symptoms usually appear around age

Causes of ADHD: Biological Contributions

Genetic contributions
ADHD seems to run in

Causes of ADHD: Psychosocial Contributions

Psychosocial factors
ADHD children are often viewed negatively

Treatment of ADHD

Goal of biological treatments: reduce impulsivity and hyperactivity, improve

Надо какое ниб упражнение

Specific Learning Disorders: An Overview

Scope of learning disorders
Academic problems in

Specific Learning Disorder: Types

With impairment in reading, may include:
Word reading accuracy
Reading

Specific Learning Disorder: Statistics

Prevalence of learning disorders
5 to 15% prevalence across

Specific Learning Disorders: Statistics, Continued

Students with learning disorders are more likely

Causes of Specific Learning Disorder

Genetic and neurobiological contributions
Learning disorders run in

Neurological Differences in Dyslexia

Treatment of Specific Learning Disorder

Requires intense educational interventions
Remediation of basic processing

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Problems occur in language, socialization, and cognition
Pervasive – problems

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Label is new to DSM-5
Encompasses several disorders previously classified

Rett Syndrom

Impairment in Social Communication and Interaction

Defining characteristic: Failure to develop

What Autism Looks Like
[INSERT Photo, p. 526 HERE]

Restricted or Repetitive Behaviors and Interests

Preference for the status quo –

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Prevalence

Previously thought to be very rare, but

Psychological and Social Dimensions

Historical views
Failed parenting
Perfectionistic, cold, and aloof
Parents thought

Biological Dimensions

Significant genetic component
Familial component: If you have one child with

Neurobiological Influences

Neurobiological influences
Amygdala
Larger size at birth = higher anxiety, fear
Elevated cortisol
Neuronal

Vaccination Risks

Highly controversial theory is that mercury
Vaccinations do NOT increase the

Scientists discover how a gene mutation causes autism

Children with autism 'have

Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Psychosocial treatments
Behavioral approaches
Skill building
Reduce problem behaviors
Communication and

Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Continued

Biological treatments
Medical intervention has had little

Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Part 3

Integrated treatments
Preferred model: Multidimensional, comprehensive

Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Development Disorder)

Overview
Below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning
First evident

Intellectual Disability

IQ typically below 70 to 75
Previously distinguished different levels of

Levels of Intellectual Disability

Mild
IQ = 50 or 55 to 70
Moderate
IQ =

Intellectual Disability, DSM-5

DSM-5 identifies difficulties in three domains
Conceptual (e.g., skill deficits

Other Classification Systems for Intellectual Disability

American Association of Intellectual and Developmental

Intellectual Disability: Statistics

Prevalence = 1 to 3% of general population
9 in

Causes of Intellectual Disability

Hundreds of known causes
Environmental (e.g., neglect)
Prenatal (e.g., exposures

Examples of Causes of Intellectual Disability

Examples
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Exposure to other illness

Causes of Intellectual Disability: Genetics

Genetic influences
Chromosomal disorders (e.g., Down Syndrome)
Multiple genetic

Lesch-Nyham syndrome

Genetic influences: De novo disorders (= mutation occurring in the

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Treatment at any time during pregnancy may reduce the severity

Causes of Intellectual Disability: Down Syndrome

Chromosomal influences
Down Syndrome
Most common chromosomal

Causes of Intellectual Disability: Down Syndome, Continued

Down Syndrome
Higher risk with advanced

Causes of Intellectual Disability: Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X syndrome
Symptoms
Learning disabilities
Hyperactivity
Short attention

Causes of Intellectual Disability: Cultural-Familial Intellectual Disability

Cultural-familial intellectual disability: Refers to

Treatment of Intellectual Disability

Severe ID: Treatment similar to that for autism

Treatment of Intellectual Disability: Goals

Common goals
Participate in community life
Benefit from education
Hold

Prevention of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Efforts are still in early stages
Early interventions for