Ecology and medical parasitology

Содержание

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LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

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LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION Ecology is a biological science which studies

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

Ecology is a biological science which studies interactions

of organisms with each other and their abiotic environment.
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LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION or the hierarchy of life, is the

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

or the hierarchy of life, is the hierarchy

of complex biological structures and systems that define life.
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SPECIES … a population or group of populations whose members have

SPECIES

… a population or group of populations whose members have the

potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups.
(biological species concept)
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LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION or the hierarchy of life, is the

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

or the hierarchy of life, is the hierarchy

of complex biological structures and systems that define life.
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CLASSIFYING OF LIFE

CLASSIFYING OF LIFE

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MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE The role of the human environment in preservation and

MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE

The role of the human environment in preservation and improvement

of human health is studied by hygiene.
The role of interspecies relationships in preservation and improvement of human health is studied by medical parasitology.
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ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT … is physical and chemical characteristics of organisms’ surroundings.

ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT

… is physical and chemical characteristics of organisms’ surroundings.
Climate and

microclimate (temperature, humidity, seasonality, etc.)
Chemical composition of air, water and soil, acidity, etc.
Physical characteristics: noise, magnetic fields, radioactivity, intensity of solar insolation, etc.
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BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS Interspecies relationships (or interactions between species) are the effects

BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS

Interspecies relationships (or interactions between species) are the effects organisms in a community have

on one another.
Ecological community is a set of interacting species within a particular habitat.
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CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSPECIES RELATIONSHIPS Interactions between species can be classified basing

CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSPECIES RELATIONSHIPS

Interactions between species can be classified basing on

their effects which may be neutral (0), negative (-) or positive (+).
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STRENGTH AND DURATION OF SPECIES INTERACTIONS The above-mentioned relationships can vary

STRENGTH AND DURATION OF SPECIES INTERACTIONS

The above-mentioned relationships can vary considerably

in strength and duration.
Close and long-term interaction between two or more different biological species is called symbiosis.
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MUTUALISM … is when two species live in association with each

MUTUALISM

… is when two species live in association with each other

to the benefit of both.
Example: mycorrhizal associations between plant roots and fungi, flowering plant and pollinators, human and domesticated animals.
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COMMENSALISM … is a class of relationship between two organisms where

COMMENSALISM

… is a class of relationship between two organisms where one

organism benefits but the other is neutral (there is no harm or benefit).
Quite difficult to demonstrate, can be just a case of mutualism.
Examples: birds eating insects scared off by cattle.
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COMPETITION two species use the same limited resource or harm each

COMPETITION

two species use the same limited resource or harm each other

while seeking a resource.
Examples: interspecies competition among plants for sun light, intraspecies competition for mating, etc.
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AMENSALISM … is a relationship between two species in which the

AMENSALISM

… is a relationship between two species in which the individuals

of one species negatively affect those of the other and are unaffected themselves.
Example: sheep or cattle trample of grass.
Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions.
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NEUTRALISM … describes the relationship between two species that interact but

NEUTRALISM

… describes the relationship between two species that interact but do

not affect each other.
Examples: rabbits and soil frogs lliving together in a grassland.
The term is often used to describe situations where interactions are negligible or insignificant.
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ANTAGONISM: TYPES In antagonistic interactions one species benefits at the expense

ANTAGONISM: TYPES

In antagonistic interactions one species benefits at the expense of

another. Several types of antagonistic relationships can be distinguished (mostly basing of the type of interaction organisms):
Predation: one animal species eats all or part of another animal species (predator actively search for a prey, kills it for consumption and attacks several preys in a lifetime).
Herbivory: one animal species (herbivore) eats all or part of a plant species.
Parasitism: one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host, (similar to predation, but parasite normally does not kill its host and attack one or two organisms). Parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host.  A host is an organism that harbours a parasite.
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HUMAN PARASITES “Humans are hosts to nearly 300 species of parasitic

HUMAN PARASITES

“Humans are hosts to nearly 300 species of parasitic worms

and over 70 species of protozoa, some derived from our primate ancestors and some acquired from the animals we have domesticated or come in contact with during our relatively short history on Earth.” Cox F.E.G. 2002. "History of human parasitology". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15 (4): 595–612.
Medical Parasitology is the branch of medical sciences dealing with organisms (parasites) which live temporarily or permanently, on or within the human body (host).
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HUMAN PARASITES …belong to the following kingdoms of organisms: Kingdom Protists

HUMAN PARASITES

…belong to the following kingdoms of organisms:
Kingdom Protists – mostly

protozoa which single-celled heterotrophic eukaryotes (the area of medical protozoology).
Kingdom Animalia – multicellular heterotrophic organisms (Metazoa), mostly helminthes and insects (medical helminthology and entomology).
NOTE: bacteria and viruses also have characteristics of parasitic behavior but they are not an object for medical parasitology.
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MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY … is the subject which deals with the parasites

MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY

… is the subject which deals with the parasites that

infect humans, the diseases caused by them, clinical picture and the response generated by humans against them. It is also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.
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KINGDOM OF PROTISTS Protozoa Phylum Sarcodina (Amoebae) Phylum Mastigophora (Flagellates) Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)

KINGDOM OF PROTISTS

Protozoa
Phylum Sarcodina (Amoebae)
Phylum Mastigophora (Flagellates)
Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)
Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)

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KINGDOM OF PROTISTS Protozoa Phylum Sarcodina (Amoebae)

KINGDOM OF PROTISTS

Protozoa
Phylum Sarcodina (Amoebae)

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KINGDOM OF PROTISTS Protozoa Phylum Mastigophora (Flagellates)

KINGDOM OF PROTISTS

Protozoa
Phylum Mastigophora (Flagellates)

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KINGDOM OF PROTISTS Protozoa Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)

KINGDOM OF PROTISTS

Protozoa
Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)

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KINGDOM OF PROTISTS Protozoa Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)

KINGDOM OF PROTISTS

Protozoa
Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)

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KINGDOM ANIMALIA Metazoa Phylum Plathelminthes (Flatworms) Class Trematoda (Flukes) Class Cestoda

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Metazoa
Phylum Plathelminthes (Flatworms)
Class Trematoda (Flukes)
Class Cestoda (Tapeworms)
Phylum Nemathelminthes (Round worms)
Nematoda

(Nematodes)
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
Crustacea
Arachnida
Insecta
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MAIN TYPES OF PARASITES Ectoparasite – a parasitic organism that lives

MAIN TYPES OF PARASITES
Ectoparasite – a parasitic organism that lives on

the outer surface of its host, e.g. lice, ticks, mites etc.
Endoparasites – parasites that live inside the body of their host, e.g. Entamoeba istolytica.
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TYPES OF PARASITISM Obligate parasite – this parasite is completely dependent

TYPES OF PARASITISM

Obligate parasite – this parasite is completely dependent on

the host during a segment or all of its life cycle, e.g. Plasmodium spp.
Facultative parasite – an organism that exhibits both parasitic and non-parasitic modes of living and hence does not absolutely depend on the parasitic way of life, but is capable of adapting to it if placed on a host, e.g. Naegleria fowleri.
Accidental parasite – when a parasite attacks an unnatural host and survives, e.g. Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm).
Erratic parasite – is one that wanders in to an organ in which it is not usually found, e.g. Entamoeba histolytica in the liver or lung of humans.
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HOST TYPES Final (Definitive) host – a host that harbours a

HOST TYPES

Final (Definitive) host – a host that harbours a parasite

in the adult stage or where the parasite undergoes a sexual reproduction.
Intermediate host – harbours the larval stages of the parasite or an asexual cycle of development takes place. In some cases, larval development is completed in two different intermediate hosts, referred to as first and second intermediate hosts.
Transitory/accidental/paratenic hosts lodging parasitic stages without further reproduction.
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HOST TYPES Reservoir host – a host that makes the parasite

HOST TYPES

Reservoir host – a host that makes the parasite available

for the transmission to another host and is usually not affected by the infection.
Natural host – a host that is naturally infected with certain species of parasite.
Accidental host – a host that is under normal circumstances not infected with the parasite.
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EFFECTS OF A PARASITE ON ITS HOST The damage which pathogenic

EFFECTS OF A PARASITE ON ITS HOST

The damage which pathogenic parasites

produce in the tissues of the host may be described in the following two ways:
Direct effects of the parasite on the host
Mechanical injury - may be inflicted by a parasite by means of pressure as it grows larger producing infraction.
Harmful effect of toxic substances.
Deprivation of nutrients, fluids and metabolites -parasite may produce disease by competing with the host for nutrients.
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EFFECTS OF A PARASITE ON ITS HOST Indirect effects of the

EFFECTS OF A PARASITE ON ITS HOST
Indirect effects of the parasite

on the host
Immunological reaction: Tissue damage may be caused by immunological response of the host, e.g. nephritic syndrome following Plasmodium infections.
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ADAPTATIONS TO PARASITISM Morphological adaptations Reduction of some organ systems (CNS,

ADAPTATIONS TO PARASITISM

Morphological adaptations
Reduction of some organ systems (CNS, sense organs,

guts, locomotory organs etc.)
Elaboration of the reproductive organs, associated with increased gamete production.
Development of attachment organs
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ADAPTATIONS TO PARASITISM 2. Life Cycle Adaptations Infection of secondary and

ADAPTATIONS TO PARASITISM

2. Life Cycle Adaptations
Infection of secondary and tertiary hosts.

This has three advantages:
It increases the range of the parasite in space and time. That is infection of more than one host can increase the geographical range of a parasite, particularly if one host is say terrestrial and the other aquatic. By infecting more than one host species the parasite can survive periods when one host is temporarily scarce.
An intermediate host can channel the parasite towards its definitive host since the intermediate host is frequently part of the final host's food chain or else closely related ecologically.
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ADAPTATIONS TO PARASITISM 2. Life Cycle Adaptations reduce the extent of

ADAPTATIONS TO PARASITISM

2. Life Cycle Adaptations
reduce the extent of the

free-living phase of the life cycle (this avoids the variable external environment).
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ADAPTATIONS TO PARASITISM 3. Immunological Adaptations Absorption of host antigen Antigenic

ADAPTATIONS TO PARASITISM

3. Immunological Adaptations
Absorption of host antigen
Antigenic variation
Occupation of immunologically

privileged sites
Disruption of the host's immune response
Molecular mimicry
Loss or masking of surface antigens
- Предыдущая
Части речи
Следующая -
Crypto ref

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