Changes in Consonant Quality

Сентябрь 3, 2022

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Changes in Consonant Quality

Содержание

2. 1. Voicing and devoicing Initial lenis [b, d, g] – partially devoiced. Final lenis [b, d,
3. 2. Loss of [h] In rapid speech the initial [h] is lost in form words and
4. 3. Initial “hw” Wh-words are pronounced with an initial breath-like sound [ʍ] instead of [w]. what
5. 4. Loss of final [ŋ] [ın] instead of [ıŋ] at the ending of a word. waitin’
6. 5. Spread of “dark” [ł] This tendency is influenced by the American pronunciation. [bɪ’li:v] – [bɪ’łi:v]
7. 6. Glottal stop It can appear only in two cases: as a realization of syllable-final [t]:
8. 7. Palatalized final [k’] It is often heard in such words as [wi:k’], [kwık’]
9. 8. Linking and intrusive [r] Linking “r” – an orthographic “r” pronounced word-finally before a vowel.
10. 9. Combinative changes [tj, dj, sj] → [ʧ, ʤ, ʃ] [‘æktjʋəl] → [‘ækʧʋəl] In the clusters
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1. Voicing and devoicing
Initial lenis [b, d, g] – partially devoiced.
Final

lenis [b, d, g] – voiceless.
[t] in the intervocalic position is voiced.
[‘betə] – [‘bedə]

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2. Loss of [h]
In rapid speech the initial [h] is lost

in form words and tends to die out from the language.
[i wɒnts ɜ tə kʌm]
No loss of [h] in stressed syllables!

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3. Initial “hw”
Wh-words are pronounced with an initial breath-like sound [ʍ]

instead of [w].
what – [ʍɒt], why – [ʍaı]

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4. Loss of final [ŋ]
[ın] instead of [ıŋ] at the ending

of a word.
waitin’ – [‘weıtın]

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5. Spread of “dark” [ł]
This tendency is influenced by the American

pronunciation.
[bɪ’li:v] – [bɪ’łi:v]
Sometimes [l] becomes vocalized.
[‘mɪok]

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6. Glottal stop
It can appear only in two cases:
as a realization

of syllable-final [t]:
[dəpɑːʔmn̩t]
in certain consonant clusters (“glottal reinforcements”).

Among younger speakers, it can also be heard finally before vowels or in absolute final position:
[pɪk ɪʔ ʌp], [ɡɛʔ]

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7. Palatalized final [k’]
It is often heard in such words as
[wi:k’],

[kwık’]

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8. Linking and intrusive [r]
Linking “r” – an orthographic “r” pronounced

word-finally before a vowel.
summer͜ activities
Intrusive “r” – the sound “r” inserted before a following vowel even though there is no “r” in spelling.
I saw-r-a film today

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9. Combinative changes
[tj, dj, sj] → [ʧ, ʤ, ʃ]
[‘æktjʋəl] → [‘ækʧʋəl]
In

the clusters of two stops, where the loss of plosion is usually observed, each sound is pronounced with audible release.
[‘æk-tıv]
[j] is lost following [l, s, z, n].
[nu:z]