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- 2. Professional ethics - the ethical norms, values, and principles that guide a profession and the ethics
- 3. One of the earliest examples of professional ethics is probably the Hippocratic oath to which medical
- 4. The professional additional moral responsibilities capable of making and acting on an informed decision received the
- 5. Disciplinary codes Disciplinary codes allow the profession to draw a standard of conduct.
- 6. Professional responsibility encompasses: the duties of doctors to act in a professional manner, obey the law,
- 7. Professional responsibility violations in general include: 1 – Unreasonable refuse of the delivery of health care
- 8. Referral Fee splitting and the payments of commissions to attract referrals of patients is considered unethical
- 9. Relationships with Patients Most ethical codes forbid doctors and nurses to have sexual relationships with patients.
- 10. Declaration of Helsinki In 1964, the World Medical Association established recommendations guiding medical doctors in biomedical
- 11. BIOETHICS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY “Morality is a private and costly luxury.” Henry B. Adams, Who should control
- 12. For example, treatment with botulinum toxin (Botox) is now used to remove wrinkles from the skin
- 13. Most inhabitants of Third World nations cannot afford basic antimalarial drugs. Many do not even have
- 14. Bioterrorism and germ warfare The anthrax attacks of 2001–2002 that followed the terrorist destruction of the
- 15. Whether or not research on germ warfare should be done is hotly debated. Germ warfare has
- 16. Organ Donation 1 donor can save or help as many as 50 people. Organs you can
- 17. Organ replacement, artificial parts, and the Bionic Man Too few people volunteer to donate their organs
- 18. Organs are distributed on a first-come-first-served basis combined with urgency. In Europe - presumed consent laws
- 19. Antibiotics When bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, they may gain resistance. Overuse and improper use of
- 20. Another problem is that antibiotic treatment is often discontinued too early. If the infecting bacteria are
- 21. Transgenic Crop plants There are 3 main issues to consider for transgenic crops. 1 - is
- 22. Loss of Biodiversity Humans have been replacing diverse natural habitats with artificial monoculture for millennia. Most
- 23. Our planet’s biodiversity is under threat from human agriculture.
- 24. Animal Testing A generation ago, social activists demanded that medicines, cosmetics, shampoos, foodstuffs, and every other
- 25. What is Genetic Engineering? Scientific alterations in human possibilities Gene Therapy Stem cell research Human cloning
- 26. Transgenic Animals and Animal Cloning Genetic manipulations could create future organisms that are truly bizarre by
- 27. Cloning Cloning is the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue
- 28. Why clone humans? Creating replacement tissue (spare parts) Producing a fully developed human being for infertile
- 29. Moral and Legal Issues of Cloning Do people have a right to reproduce by any available
- 30. Furthermore, environmental and developmental influences would mean that although genetically identical, the clone would not be
- 31. Altering the human germline Soon it will become possible to deduce such things as the probable
- 32. Genetic Testing Genetic tests are tests on blood and other tissue to find genetic disorders. About
- 33. Genetic Testing In some cases, there is no treatment. But test results might help a person
- 34. Stem Cells There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem
- 35. Stem Cell Research Stem cells are the precursors to the differentiated cells that make up the
- 36. Stem cell research merges into other areas of biotechnology. If scientists are not allowed to use
- 37. Current IVF embryo policy Left-over embryos IVF procedure generates many embryos to increase chances of success
- 38. Current IVF embryo policy What is an IVF clinic? Place where a couple can go after
- 39. Current IVF embryo policy Which is ethically “better”? Throwing out an extra embryo, OR Saving the
- 40. What diseases do we do stem cell research on first? Muscular dystrophy likely to die by
- 41. Common concerns in funding decisions Number of people with the disease. The groups that suffer from
- 42. Stem cell research merges into other areas of biotechnology. If scientists are not allowed to use
- 43. Privacy and Personal Genetic Information It may become possible to predict future health problems by analyzing
- 44. Conflict of science with traditional religion Modern advances in biology frequently conflict with traditional morality. For
- 45. Health Fraud You have probably seen ads for miracle cures - a supplement to cure cancer,
- 46. Premature babies As science gets better and better, extremely premature babies have switched from certain death
- 47. Abortion Whether or not it is moral, should abortion be legal? Generally prohibited but with some
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