Cell growth, repair and differentiation: regeneration, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia

Июль 23, 2022

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Cell growth, repair and differentiation: regeneration, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia

Содержание

2. INJURY CELL DEATH TISSUE DESTRUCTION If the organism is still alive HEALING REGENERATION REPAIRING
3. There are two main process of healing: ⮚Regeneration – it is healing by proliferation of parenchymal
4. Types of regeneration Physiological regeneration it is permanent renewal of cells, tissue and organs. Reparative regeneration
5. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGENERATION It is the process of replacement that occurs due to physiologic necrosis (erythrocytes, mucosa).
6. REPARATIVE REGENERATION Healing is the body response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure
7. 1. Labile cells – ("continuous replicators") are constantly replenishing their neighbors which have died or been
8. 2. Stable cells ("discontinuous replicators") – lose their ability to proliferate after adolescence but return their
9. 3. Permanent cells - ("non-replicators") cannot undergo mitosis or be replenished after birth, but can regenerate
10. PATHOLOGIC REGENERATION or REPAIRING Repair – is the replacement of injured tissue by fibrous tissue (substitution).
11. REPAIR BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE The new tissue is granulation tissue ("immature scar"), and the fibrin meshwork
12. OUTCOMES OF REPARATIVE REGENERATION 1. Complete renewal (restitution) of structure and function of the damaged organ
13. 2. Substitution – incomplete structural renewal of the damaged organ. There is partial or complete renewal
14. Variants of renewal after the infarcts and strokes: Substitution in heart by the connecting tissue or
15. Variants of substitution in other organs: hearth sclerosis or cirrhosis of organ formation of cyst formation
16. TISSUE-ORGAN LEVEL of DIFFERENTIATION It is observed in the damaged organs. Processes: Renewal of population of
17. COMPENSATION-ADAPTATION PROCESSES Adaptation – this aggregate of physiological processes, that is secures adaptation of cells and
18. 7. Atrophy: Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance, without the
19. Hypertrophy: Increase in the sizes of cells, and hence the size of the organ. Hyperplasia: An
20. METAPLASIA: (Adaptive) substitution of one type of fully differentiated cell by another type of differentiated cell.
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INJURY
CELL DEATH
TISSUE DESTRUCTION
If the organism is still alive
HEALING
REGENERATION
REPAIRING

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There are two main process of healing:
⮚Regeneration – it is healing

by proliferation of parenchymal cells, results in complete restoration of the original tissues
⮚Repairing - it is healing by proliferation of connective tissue elements resulting in fibrosis and scarring

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Types of regeneration
Physiological regeneration it is permanent renewal of cells, tissue

and organs.
Reparative regeneration (restoration) it is renewal of the damaged tissue by the analogical structures.
Restructive (pathologic) regeneration it is renewal of the damaged tissue by the analogical or by other tissues.

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PHYSIOLOGICAL REGENERATION
It is the process of replacement that occurs due to

physiologic necrosis (erythrocytes, mucosa). There is a complete transmission of genetic material during the process of cell division.
Levels of regeneration:
molecular-membrane
sub-cellular
cellular
tissue-organ
It is the process of realization of the genetic program - differentiation of new cells and apoptosis of the old one.

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REPARATIVE REGENERATION
Healing is the body response to injury in an attempt

to restore normal structure and function.
Variants of RR:
Complete (restitution) – replacement of
injured cells by cells of the same type.
Incomplete with regenerative hypertrophy (substitution with hypertrophy)
According to the ability to regenerate there
are distinguished three types of cells.

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1. Labile cells – ("continuous replicators") are constantly replenishing their neighbors

which have died or been shed, multiply throughout the life under normal physiologic condition.
They are epithelial cells of: epidermis, alimentary tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, vagina, cervix, uterine endometrium, haemopoetic cells of bone marrow, lymph nodules and spleen

Types of cells:

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2. Stable cells ("discontinuous replicators") – lose their ability to proliferate

after adolescence but return their capacity to divide under stimuli throughout adult life. Can proliferate rapidly in response of injury, especially when required to replace lost neighbors. They restored by two methods - mitosis of neighbors and intercellula reparation.
They are parenchymal cells of: kidneys, liver, adrenal glands, mesenchymal cells of smooth muscles

Types of cells:

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3. Permanent cells - ("non-replicators") cannot undergo mitosis or be replenished

after birth, but can regenerate at subcellular level (intercellular reparative regeneration). Examples: neurons of nervous system, skeletal muscle cells, heart muscles cells (myocardiocytes).

Types of cells:

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PATHOLOGIC REGENERATION or REPAIRING
Repair – is the replacement of injured tissue

by fibrous tissue (substitution).
Forms of disregeneration:
Hyporegeneration
Hyperregeneration
Metaplasia

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REPAIR BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
The new tissue is granulation tissue ("immature scar"),

and the fibrin meshwork must undergo organization.
If any repair by fibrous tissue occurs, there will
be a scar.
Depending on the site, scar tissue may be called: "cicatrix",
"fibrosis", "adhesions", "gliosis", "fibroplasia"

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OUTCOMES OF REPARATIVE REGENERATION
1. Complete renewal (restitution) of structure and
function of

the damaged organ at:
а) shallow and small damage
inlaid damage of endothelium without violation of basal membrane
damage of epithelium
Localization:
cornea of eyes
epithelium of any organ
skin
kidney, lungs, after the inlaid damage of alveolus,
endothelium, epithelium of kidney tubes.

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2. Substitution – incomplete structural renewal of the damaged organ. There

is partial or complete renewal of function of organs, only at the ordinary physical loading. Arises up after:
deep and vast damages
heart attacks and necrosis
festering-destructive processes
fungi’s process
hematoma or hemorrhage in the serous cavity
damage of vessels, channels with destruction of their basal membranes
inlaid necrosis of the specialized structures
deep ulcers, penetrable in the muscular layer of hollow organ.

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Variants of renewal after the infarcts
and strokes:
Substitution in heart by the

connecting tissue or gliofibrosis in brain.
Cyst of brain, chronic aneurism of
heart.
Renewal of functions.

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Variants of substitution in other organs:
hearth sclerosis or cirrhosis of organ
formation

of cyst
formation of cavity – at destruction of content
through the natural opening
incapsulation
formation of joints in serous cavities and their
partial or complete obliteration
ossification
scar obliteration > hydronephrosis,
hydrocyphalia, hydrocelle, retentsion cysts
cicatrisation of wounds – primary pull, secondary pull, cicatrisation under scab, crawling of epithelium, inflammation in wound with subsequent its clearing

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TISSUE-ORGAN LEVEL of DIFFERENTIATION
It is observed in the damaged organs.
Processes:
Renewal of

population of cells
Reparative angiogenesis
Renewal of architectonics of stroma
Renewal of specific architectonics of
stroma

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COMPENSATION-ADAPTATION PROCESSES
Adaptation – this aggregate of physiological processes, that is secures

adaptation of cells and organs to the changing conditions.
Compensation – it is “normalization” of organ defects and its
adaptation.
Morphology of accommodation:
Apoptosis – elimination of cells
Aplasia is the complete failure of an organ at the
process of developing.
Atresia is the complete failure of the lumen in a hollow organ.
Hypoplasia is the failure of an organ to grow to normal
size.
Malformation: wrong shaped vessels.
Deformation: something used to be well-formed, but it
shape was permanently altered.

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7. Atrophy: Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss

of cell substance, without the cell death. If many cells become smaller, the organ itself becomes smaller.

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Hypertrophy: Increase in the sizes of cells, and hence the size

of the organ.
Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells
in a tissue or organ. This may be physiologic, or
pathologic.
Examples: The female breast at puberty -- under the influence of estrogens -- and during pregnancy and lactation (additional hormones).
The male breast in cirrhosis or estrogen therapy or in some boys at puberty ("gynecomastia") -- all reflect estrogens action.

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METAPLASIA: (Adaptive) substitution of one type of fully differentiated cell by

another type of differentiated cell. A reversible change in which one adult cell type replaced by another adult cell type.
Examples: Replacement of mucin-producing ciliated columnar epithelium by stratified squamous epithelium (cigaret smokers -- "to protect our delicate tissues from the harsh effects of smoke").
in cancer cells.

Cell growth, repair and differentiation: regeneration, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia

Содержание

INJURYCELL DEATHTISSUE DESTRUCTIONIf the organism is still aliveHEALINGREGENERATIONREPAIRING

There are two main process of healing:⮚Regeneration – it is healing

Types of regenerationPhysiological regeneration it is permanent renewal of cells, tissue

PHYSIOLOGICAL REGENERATIONIt is the process of replacement that occurs due to

REPARATIVE REGENERATIONHealing is the body response to injury in an attempt

1. Labile cells – ("continuous replicators") are constantly replenishing their neighbors

2. Stable cells ("discontinuous replicators") – lose their ability to proliferate

3. Permanent cells - ("non-replicators") cannot undergo mitosis or be replenished

PATHOLOGIC REGENERATION or REPAIRINGRepair – is the replacement of injured tissue

REPAIR BY CONNECTIVE TISSUEThe new tissue is granulation tissue ("immature scar"),

OUTCOMES OF REPARATIVE REGENERATION1. Complete renewal (restitution) of structure andfunction of

2. Substitution – incomplete structural renewal of the damaged organ. There

Variants of renewal after the infarctsand strokes:Substitution in heart by the

Variants of substitution in other organs:hearth sclerosis or cirrhosis of organformation

TISSUE-ORGAN LEVEL of DIFFERENTIATIONIt is observed in the damaged organs.Processes:Renewal of

COMPENSATION-ADAPTATION PROCESSESAdaptation – this aggregate of physiological processes, that is secures

7. Atrophy: Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss

Hypertrophy: Increase in the sizes of cells, and hence the size

METAPLASIA: (Adaptive) substitution of one type of fully differentiated cell by

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INJURY
CELL DEATH
TISSUE DESTRUCTION
If the organism is still alive
HEALING
REGENERATION
REPAIRING

There are two main process of healing:
⮚Regeneration – it is healing

Types of regeneration
Physiological regeneration it is permanent renewal of cells, tissue

PHYSIOLOGICAL REGENERATION
It is the process of replacement that occurs due to

REPARATIVE REGENERATION
Healing is the body response to injury in an attempt

PATHOLOGIC REGENERATION or REPAIRING
Repair – is the replacement of injured tissue

REPAIR BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
The new tissue is granulation tissue ("immature scar"),

OUTCOMES OF REPARATIVE REGENERATION
1. Complete renewal (restitution) of structure and
function of

Variants of renewal after the infarcts
and strokes:
Substitution in heart by the

Variants of substitution in other organs:
hearth sclerosis or cirrhosis of organ
formation

TISSUE-ORGAN LEVEL of DIFFERENTIATION
It is observed in the damaged organs.
Processes:
Renewal of

COMPENSATION-ADAPTATION PROCESSES
Adaptation – this aggregate of physiological processes, that is secures