Japanese Encephalitis

Июль 27, 2022

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Japanese Encephalitis

Содержание

2. Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral infection of horses, pigs and humans. It is also referred
3. Geographic Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus
4. The Organism Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus belongs to the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae Name
5. History 1870s: Japan “Summer encephalitis” epidemics 1924: Great epidemic in Japan 6,125 human cases; 3,797 deaths
6. History 1940 to 1978 Disease spread with epidemics in China, Korea, and India 1983: Immunization in
7. Transmission Vector-borne Enzootic cycle Mosquitoes: Culex species Culex tritaeniorhynchus Reservoir/amplifying hosts Pigs, bats, Ardeid (wading) birds
9. Transmission is usually seasonal In temperate zones of China, Japan, Korea and northern areas of Southeast
10. Clinical Signs Every year approximately 35,000 to 50,000 symptomatic cases occur worldwide Incubation period: 6 to
11. Clinical Signs: Severe Acute encephalitis Headache, high fever, stiff neck, stupor May progress to paralysis, seizures,
16. Post Mortem Lesions Pan-encephalitis Infected neurons throughout CNS Occasional microscopic necrotic foci Thalamus generally severely affected
17. Age groups affected by JE Children 1 to 15 years of age are mainly affected in
18. Data supplied by Government of Andhra Pradesh Data supplied by WHO, Nepal Different patterns of age
19. Diagnosis and Treatment Laboratory diagnosis required Tentative diagnosis Antibody titer: HI, IFA, ELISA JE-specific IgM in
20. Vaccination Live attenuated vaccine horses and swine Successful for reducing incidence Inactivated vaccine (JE-VAX) Humans Japan,
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Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral infection of horses, pigs and

humans.
It is also referred to as Japanese B encephalitis, arbovirus B, and mosquito-borne encephalitis virus.

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Geographic Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus

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The Organism
Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus belongs to the genus Flavivirus in

the family Flaviviridae
Name derived from the Latin flavus meaning “yellow”, which refers to the yellow fever virus
Single stranded, enveloped RNA virus
Morphology not well defined

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History
1870s: Japan
“Summer encephalitis” epidemics
1924: Great epidemic in Japan
6,125 human cases; 3,797

deaths
1935: Virus first isolated
Fatal human encephalitis case
1938: Virus isolated from mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus

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History
1940 to 1978
Disease spread with epidemics in China, Korea, and India
1983:

Immunization in South Korea
Started as early as age 3
Endemic areas started earlier
1983 to 1987: Vaccine available in U.S. on investigational basis

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Transmission
Vector-borne
Enzootic cycle
Mosquitoes: Culex species
Culex tritaeniorhynchus
Reservoir/amplifying hosts
Pigs, bats, Ardeid (wading) birds
Possibly reptiles

and amphibians
Incidental hosts
Horses, humans, others

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Transmission is usually seasonal
In temperate zones of China, Japan, Korea

and northern areas of Southeast Asia, Japanese encephalitis is transmitted during summer and early autumn -- May to September.
In north India and Nepal transmission occurs from June to November
In south India and Sri Lanka epidemics are found from September to January.

Transmission

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Clinical Signs
Every year approximately 35,000 to 50,000 symptomatic cases occur worldwide

Incubation period: 6 to 8 days
Disease varies from a febrile headache to an acute and possibly fatal encephalitis
Most asymptomatic or mild signs
Children and elderly
Highest risk for severe disease
case-fatality rate (30%)

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Clinical Signs: Severe
Acute encephalitis
Headache, high fever, stiff neck, stupor
May progress

to paralysis, seizures, convulsions, coma, and death
Neuropsychiatric complication
45 to 70% of survivors
In utero infection possible
Abortion of fetus

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011

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Post Mortem Lesions
Pan-encephalitis
Infected neurons throughout CNS
Occasional microscopic necrotic foci
Thalamus generally severely

affected

The perivascular congestion and hemorrhage may be diffuse or focal, and is seen predominantly in cortical gray and deep gray matter.

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Age groups affected by JE
Children 1 to 15 years of age

are mainly affected in endemic areas.
But people of any age can be infected. Adult infection most often occurs in areas where the disease is newly introduced.

Photo credit: Carib Nelson, PATH

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Data supplied by Government of Andhra Pradesh
Data supplied by WHO, Nepal
Different

patterns of age distribution of cases

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Diagnosis and Treatment
Laboratory diagnosis required
Tentative diagnosis
Antibody titer: HI, IFA, ELISA
JE-specific IgM

in serum or CSF
Definitive diagnosis
Virus isolation: CSF, brain
No specific treatment
Supportive care

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011

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Vaccination
Live attenuated vaccine
horses and swine
Successful for reducing incidence
Inactivated vaccine (JE-VAX)
Humans
Japan, Korea,

Taiwan, India, Thailand
Used for endemic or epidemic areas
Travelers, military, laboratory workers

Japanese Encephalitis

Содержание

Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral infection of horses, pigs and

Geographic Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus

The OrganismJapanese Encephalitis (JE) virus belongs to the genus Flavivirus in

History1870s: Japan“Summer encephalitis” epidemics1924: Great epidemic in Japan6,125 human cases; 3,797

History1940 to 1978Disease spread with epidemics in China, Korea, and India1983:

TransmissionVector-borneEnzootic cycleMosquitoes: Culex speciesCulex tritaeniorhynchusReservoir/amplifying hostsPigs, bats, Ardeid (wading) birdsPossibly reptiles

Transmission is usually seasonal In temperate zones of China, Japan, Korea

Clinical SignsEvery year approximately 35,000 to 50,000 symptomatic cases occur worldwide

Clinical Signs: SevereAcute encephalitis Headache, high fever, stiff neck, stuporMay progress

Post Mortem LesionsPan-encephalitisInfected neurons throughout CNSOccasional microscopic necrotic fociThalamus generally severely

Age groups affected by JEChildren 1 to 15 years of age

Data supplied by Government of Andhra PradeshData supplied by WHO, NepalDifferent

Diagnosis and TreatmentLaboratory diagnosis requiredTentative diagnosisAntibody titer: HI, IFA, ELISAJE-specific IgM

VaccinationLive attenuated vaccinehorses and swineSuccessful for reducing incidenceInactivated vaccine (JE-VAX)HumansJapan, Korea,

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